Resources

Artificial intelligence has evolved from pilot experimentation to real-world application across health systems worldwide. Over the last five years, AI has taken hold in areas such as clinical documentation, diagnostics, disease surveillance, and clinical decision-making. Yet a common pattern persists across regions: innovation continues to move quickly at the periphery while institutional adoption lags at the center. Many efforts remain siloed, project-based, and dependent on external funding, with little evidence of sustained use or country-led ownership.PATH and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) jointly convened AI and Public Health: Expert Dialogues on Strategy, Governance, and Ecosystem Transformation under the PhixAI Initiative, a six-month virtual series held from June 2025 to November 2025. The series aimed to strengthen collective action and leadership around the ethical, equitable deployment of AI within health systems. Across a set of 90-minute sessions, participants explored critical structural themes, including building AI for low-connectivity settings, expanding use cases within public health infrastructure, securing sustainable financing, preparing the health workforce, and shaping regulatory and governance frameworks.Drawing on these conversations, this compendium brings together perspectives from leading experts and organizations advancing durable, system-integrated AI adoption in public health, offering actionable guidance for embedding AI into national health systems in ways that are both sustainable and equitable.

This fact sheet explains how standardized internal process controls strengthen wastewater surveillance by ensuring reliable detection of viral and bacterial pathogens. It highlights PATH and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency's (MHRA) development of safe, stable, low‑cost bacterial and viral controls that improve data quality across global wastewater testing systems.

In Uganda, children receive the malaria vaccine at 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, and 18 months of age. But ensuring that children complete the entire four-dose schedule presents challenges, especially for caregivers who live far from the nearest health center, are juggling responsibilities at work and at home, or lack adequate information about where and when to get their children vaccinated.To address these challenges, PATH is partnering with Communication for Development Foundation Uganda (CDFU) on a call center program that provides information to parents and other caregivers about malaria vaccination, reminders about the schedule, and referrals to vaccinating centers to ensure that children stay up to date on all four doses. This case study provides an overview of the program, which is being piloted at 60 health facilities across four districts in Uganda’s South-Central region.

The rollout of malaria vaccines represents a historic turning point in child survival across sub-Saharan Africa. Building on decades of experience, PATH provides targeted technical assistance to countries to strengthen malaria vaccine delivery within routine immunization systems and in the context of national malaria programs. This project brief provides an overview of PATH's work on malaria vaccine implementation.

This is a simple, Excel-based tool for assessing and comparing costs of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccination programs with each PCV product available in the global market. It aims to help national-level policymakers specifically in countries eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, compare products and estimate vaccination program costs for different PCVs, exploring up to four different vaccine options at a time.The tool calculates cold chain volume and costs annually and for a total period of five years. Cost estimates are composed of vaccine cost (i.e., vaccine and supplies procurement and international shipping) and vaccination program costs (i.e., vaccine cost and cost of delivery). Cost estimates are provided separately for the country perspective and the combined country and Gavi perspective.It is important to note that cost is only one consideration when selecting a PCV product, and users involved in decision-making around new vaccine introduction/switch or product selection should always consider other dimensions as well. This model is meant to provide insights into the potential costs of alternative product choices and should not replace detailed budget planning once a product has been selected.A user guide is included in the file on a tab labeled “READ ME FIRST” which provides detailed instructions on how to use the tool and interpret the results. The tool is available to download in multiple languages below. Please be sure to check out this seven-minute tutorial video, which is in English, with French and Spanish subtitled versions also available. If you have additional questions or need support, contact PATH’s Health Economics & Outcomes Research team: HEOR@path.org.NOTE: Please refer to this web page for the most up-to-date version of the calculator, which is periodically updated to reflect the evolving vaccine landscape.