Resources

The Digital Innovation in Pandemic Control (DIPC) project (2022–2025)—a partnership between Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and Digital Square at PATH—has worked closely with the Malawi Ministry of Health (MOH), including the Digital Health Division (DHD) and Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), to strengthen Malawi’s digital immunization ecosystem. Recognizing the challenges of fragmented, non-interoperable systems, the DIPC team and MOH conducted a comprehensive ecosystem mapping of digital tools supporting immunization, identifying key gaps and priorities for national scale-up.DIPC Project Pillars in MalawiLocalizing the Digital Adaptation Kit for Immunization (DAK)The project localized the WHO’s Digital Adaptation Kit for Immunizations for Malawi, providing standardized workflows and data elements to guide digital immunization systems. The DAK includes:Core workflows for awareness generation, service delivery, care documentation, vaccine inventory management, and monitoring & evaluation.Detailed user personas and scenarios tailored to Malawi’s health system.Functional and non-functional requirements to support system design and implementation.Developing and Deploying the MaHIS Electronic Immunization (EIS)The DIPC project team partnered with MOH to develop and deploy a new electronic immunization registry (EIR) module within the Malawi Healthcare Information System (MaHIS). The EIR supports:Digital record keeping of all routine immunizations in both online real-time and offline mode.Vaccine inventory control at facilities.Improved dashboards and reporting. The DIPC project rolled out the EIS in Mchinji, Ntcheu, and Salima districts across 46 facilities, targeting 70,000 clients.Strengthening Health Worker CapacityTo ensure sustainability, the DIPC project supported:Two training of trainers sessions for senior health staff.48 facility-level trainings reaching 1,204 health workers, including Disease Control Surveillance Assistants (DCSAs), ICT Coordinators, and Statistical Clerks.Ongoing monitoring visits and refresher trainings to reinforce digital literacy and system use.Key resultsFacilities using new/enhanced solutions: 48Registered users: 1,233Registered clients: 38,810Vaccinations recorded: 215, 200Health workers trained: 1,221 (486 women, 664 men)The implementation of digital tools has significantly improved immunization workflows by reducing manual data entry errors, improving record-keeping, and enabling real-time tracking of immunization schedules.Broader ImpactThe DIPC project’s work in Malawi is setting a model for resilient, interoperable digital immunization systems that can adapt to evolving health needs and future pandemics. The collaborative approach—engaging MOH, GIZ, and local technical partners like Luke International and EGPAF—ensures alignment with national strategies and builds local capacity for long-term success.

The Digital Innovation in Pandemic Control (DIPC) project (2022–2025)—a partnership between Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and Digital Square at PATH—has worked closely with the Tanzania Ministry of Health (MOH), the President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG), and other partners to strengthen Tanzania’s digital immunization ecosystem. In response to fragmented systems and pandemic-era digital expansion, the DIPC team supported ecosystem mapping and stakeholder engagement to identify gaps and priorities for sustainable scale-up.DIPC Project Pillars in TanzaniaLocalizing the Digital Adaptation Kit for Immunization (DAK)The project localized WHO’s Digital Adaptation Kit for Immunizations for Tanzania, providing standardized workflows and data elements to guide digital immunization systems. The DAK includes:Core workflows for awareness generation, service delivery, care documentation, inventory management, and monitoring & evaluation.Detailed user personas and scenarios tailored to Tanzania's health system.Functional and non-functional requirements to support system design and implementation.The localized DAK was validated through a stakeholder workshop in Arusha in 2023 and now serves as a reference for future updates.Enhancing the GOTHOMIS Immunization ModuleDigital Square partnered with PORALG and GIZ to enhance the immunization module within the Government of Tanzania Health Operations Management Information System (GOTHOMIS). Used in over 3,500 facilities, GOTHOMIS was upgraded to:Align with the localized DAK.Streamline workflows and reduce data entry errors.Improve access to immunization data.The enhanced module has been deployed in six facilities across Tanga and Mbeya regions, with plans for broader rollout by GOTHOMIS.Strengthening Local Expertise in FHIRTo support interoperability, the DIPC project facilitated FHIR training in June 2024 for developers from MOH, PORALG, and other institutions. This training built capacity to implement HL7 FHIR standards for seamless data exchange between systems.The project also emphasized gender-inclusive capacity strengthening, spotlighting developers like Wahida Salumu Omary from the Medical Stores Department, whose story illustrates the impact of technical training on supply chain decision-making.Key resultsFacilities using new/enhancecd solutions: 6Registered users: 30Registeried clients: 800Vaccinations recorded: 9,500Health workers trained: 63 (29 women, 34 men)The implementation of digital tools has improved immunization workflows by enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of services. Health workers report reduced manual data entry errors and better tracking of immunization schedules.Broader ImpactThe DIPC project’s work in Tanzania is laying the groundwork for resilient, interoperable digital immunization systems. By aligning with Tanzania’s national digital health strategy and engaging partners such as UNICEF, JSI, CHAI, HISP Tanzania, and JHPIEGO Momentum, the project ensures sustainability and local ownership.Tanzania’s experience offers valuable lessons in human-centered design, localization of global standards, and inclusive capacity strengthening—positioning the country to better respond to future pandemics and evolving health needs.

The malaria parasite develops both in humans and in the female Anopheles mosquitoes. The size and genetic complexity of the parasite mean that each infection presents thousands of antigens (proteins) to the human immune system. The parasite changes through several life stages even while in the human host, presenting different antigens at different stages of its life cycle. Malaria vaccines have the potential to disrupt this life cycle at various stages. The currently available malaria vaccines are pre-erythrocytic vaccines and target the liver stage. Transmission-blocking and blood-stage vaccine candidates are currently under development.This one-page infographic provides an illustration of the malaria parasite life cycle, alongside a step-by-step narrative explaining each stage and where the different types of malaria vaccines target the life cycle. A separate, high-resolution image file of the illustration alone is also available to download.This malaria life cycle graphic may be freely used and copied for educational and other noncommercial purposes, provided that any reproduction is accompanied by the following acknowledgment line: "Reproduced from PATH's website at www.path.org, 2025."

The project ‘Accelerating access and uptake of HIV self-testing (HIVST) in India’ was launched in February 2020 to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of HIVST among different key populations (KPs) and other high-risk groups. The overall goal was to increase the demand for and access to HIVST, as well as subsequent treatment and prevention services, thereby contributing to further reduction in the number of new HIV infections and averting deaths due to HIV infection. This report details the approach, methodology, findings, and recommendations from the study.

Digital Square is partnering with Wellcome, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Climate and Health Joint Programme to support the development of DPI and digital public goods (DPGs) aimed at enhancing climate- and health-informed data systems. By leveraging cross-sectoral foundational DPI and DPGs, the consortium seeks to advance the operationalization of a shared implementation plan to integrate climate and health data and improve global health resilience to the increasing threats posed by climate change.The following resources pertain to our efforts under this initiative, Digital Public Infrastructure for Climate Health.