Resources

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into clinical practice stands as a defining challenge and opportunity for global health in the coming decade. While use cases such as clinical documentation and diagnostic support are becoming increasingly common in high-resource settings, where over half of clinicians now report using AI tools, much less is known about frontline clinicians’ experiences, barriers, and real-world needs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).In LMIC contexts, large language model (LLM)-enabled clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) offer the potential to extend high-quality decision support to settings with limited human and technical resources. Yet they also carry significant risks, including language bias, inequitable access, limited local capacity for oversight, and the possibility of recommendations that are misaligned with local medical guidelines that undermine patient safety or trust.Over the past two years, rapid advances in generative AI have outpaced the establishment of evidence, governance, and capacity frameworks required for responsible use. Health systems and policymakers are now faced with urgent questions:How can AI tools be evaluated for clinical safety and contextual relevance?What data infrastructures and regulatory mechanisms are needed for equitable deployment?And how can local researchers and health institutions lead, not just participate, in AI innovation?These questions form the basis of this CDSS Learning Agenda, which aims to generate collective insight and actionable evidence to guide safe, effective, and equitable integration of AI into health systems. The agenda identifies six thematic priorities—localization and language equity; evaluation and real-world evidence; voice-enabled and multimodal tools; capacity and local ownership; governance and trust; and infrastructure and enabling environments—that collectively define the ecosystem required for sustainable AI adoption in LMICs.

Through the Gavi-funded MICs Technical Assistance project, PATH partnered with governments and civil society in Indonesia, Ukraine, and Vietnam to strengthen immunization systems and address pandemic and conflict-related barriers to vaccination. PATH conducted rapid assessments, developed tools for microplanning and budgeting, and built capacity among local partners to identify zero-dose and underimmunized children, improve coordination, and promote equitable access to vaccinations. The tools and materials developed during the project are available to governments and civil society partners in any country looking to improve their vaccine coverage rates, engage local partners, or strengthen their immunization planning and budgeting.

Rollout of malaria vaccines is well underway, with more than 20 countries in Africa now implementing this lifesaving intervention. Leveraging PATH’s extensive experience in malaria vaccine implementation, this brief provides guidance to countries that are thinking about malaria vaccine introduction on key issues to be considered as part of the decision-making process.

Rollout of malaria vaccines is well underway, with more than 20 countries in Africa now implementing this lifesaving intervention. There are many tools available to assist with country implementation as malaria vaccines are rolled out in national immunization programs. This brief provides a summary of some important elements that PATH has identified for country-level stakeholders to consider as they implement malaria vaccines.

This is a simple, Excel-based tool for assessing and comparing costs of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs with each HPV vaccine product available in the global market. It aims to help national-level policymakers specifically in countries eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, compare products and estimate vaccination program costs for different HPV vaccines, exploring up to four different vaccine options at a time.The tool calculates cold chain volume and costs annually and for a total period of five years. Cost estimates are composed of vaccine cost (i.e., vaccine and supplies procurement and international shipping) and vaccination program costs (i.e., vaccine cost plus cost of delivery). Cost estimates are provided separately for the country perspective and the combined country and Gavi perspective.It is important to note that cost is only one consideration when selecting an HPV vaccine product, and users involved in decision-making around new vaccine introduction/switch or product selection should always consider other dimensions as well. This model is meant to provide insights into the potential costs of alternative product choices and should not replace detailed budget planning once a product has been selected.A user guide is included in the file on a tab labeled “READ ME FIRST” which provides detailed instructions on how to use the tool and interpret the results. Please be sure to check out this seven-minute tutorial video, which is in English, with French and Spanish subtitled versions also available. The tool is available to download in multiple languages. If you have additional questions or need support, contact PATH's Health Economics & Outcomes Research team: HEOR@path.org.NOTE: Please refer to this web page for the most up-to-date version of the calculator, which is periodically updated to reflect the evolving vaccine landscape.