Diseases and vaccines

Japanese encephalitis surveillance and disease burden

Featured resources

Japanese encephalitis surveillance standards (2006)
World Health Organization (WHO)
This document is an excerpt from the WHO-recommended standards for surveillance of selected vaccine-preventable diseases. The complete document may be viewed online.

Report on the Japanese encephalitis disability assessment (2008)
Department of Communicable Disease Control, Cambodia Ministry of Health
The burden of disability among JE survivors has been a neglected area of study. This assessment, performed by the Government of Cambodia in partnership with PATH, found one in four children infected with JE either died or suffered severe sequelae that limited the ability to lead normal independent lives.

Sentinel site surveillance of Japanese encephalitis (2006)
PATH
These guidelines were developed to assist program managers considering the implementation of JE sentinel site surveillance.

Sentinel surveillance for Japanese encephalitis: Fact sheet (2007)
PATH
This document outlines the rationale and summarizes considerations for sentinel surveillance of JE disease burden.

General information

A cohort study to assess the new WHO Japanese encephalitis surveillance standards (2008)
Solomon T, et al. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86(3).
Researchers evaluated the clinical case definition of acute encephalitis syndrome, which the standards use for identification of JE patients, to determine its sensitivity and specificity.

A decade of Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Sarawak, Malaysia: 1997-2006 (2008)
Wong S, et al. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 13(1):52-55.
This summary of surveillance data from Malaysia reveals seasonal peak incidence, age distribution of JE cases, and effect of the JE immunization program on disease incidence.

Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses (2004)
Mackenzie J, Gubler D, Petersen L. Nature Medicine. 10:S98 - S109.

Evaluation of three immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (2007)
Jacobson J, et al. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 77(1):164-168.
This study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and usability of three commercially-available kits for JE laboratory diagnostics.

Japanese Encephalitis Prevention Network
PATH
PATH launched this web portal to help countries track data about JE disease, record outbreaks, and exchange information on control strategies. The network is coordinated through technical support from Voxiva in New Delhi, India.

Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Cambodia (2007)
PATH
An update on surveillance activities in Cambodia supported by PATH's JE Project.

Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Indonesia (updated 2007)
PATH
An update on surveillance activities in Indonesian districts supported by PATH's JE Project.

Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection (2007)
WHO
This resource details recommended procedures for diagnosing JE in the laboratory as part of routine surveillance. The current draft is intended for evaluation purposes.

Study of Japanese encephalitis and other viral encephalitis in Nepali children (2007; abstract only)
Rayamajhi A, et al. Pediatrics International. 49 (6), 978–984.
Investigators conducted a hospital-based study among children to identify the proportion of viral encephalitis due to JE, as well as to compare the clinico-laboratory profiles and outcomes of JE and other viral encephalitis cases.

Surveillance for encephalitis in Bangladesh: Preliminary results (2004)
International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Health and Science Bulletin. 2(4):7-10.
This paper summarizes data from an ongoing study to identify the incidence of JE infection among encephalitis cases at three hospitals in order to inform future plans for JE control through immunization.

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Japanese encephalitis home page
CDC Division of Vector-borne Diseases
This web page provides a comprehensive overview of the disease. It also features a map showing the worldwide distribution of JE and recommendations regarding vaccines.