10 Key Findings and Recommendations for Effective Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Programs

In early 2007, partners of the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention met to assess newly analyzed results of key studies in India, Peru, South Africa, and Thailand. These new data spurred the partners to outline ten key findings and recommendations for global policy and practice related to cervical cancer screening and treatment in low-resource settings.

2001 Annual Report

PATH's annual report for 2001.

2003 Annual Report

PATH's annual report for 2003.

2004 Progress Report

PATH's annual report for 2004.

2005 Progress Report: Partnering for Impact

PATH's annual report for 2005.

2006 Progress Report: Health Within Reach

PATH's annual report for 2006.

2007 Progress Report: Innovation to Impact

PATH's annual report for 2007.

2008 Annual Report: Where Solutions Start

PATH's 2008 annual report centers on the theme of solutions, illustrating how our programs translate the world's knowledge, skill, and capacity into solutions that truly meet the needs of the communities we serve. The report includes stories from the field and information about PATH's finances, locations, partners, and supporters.

2009 Annual Report

PATH and our partners are making demonstrable progress in our effort to improve health for the world's most vulnerable populations. PATH's 2009 annual report describes the year's milestones and provides information about the organization's finances, leadership, and presence.

About Meningitis

Accelerating New Vaccine Development Against Pneumonia

This fact sheet highlights PATH's work to develop new vaccines against pneumococcal disease, one of the leading causes of death in children less than five years old in the developing world.

Accelerating Progress Toward Malaria Vaccines

This publication documents the challenges that the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative is facing in developing a malaria vaccine that will be efficacious for different malaria strains and endemic regions.

Accelerating the Development of New Rotavirus Vaccines

This fact sheet highlights PATH's work to develop new vaccines against rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrheal disease.

Accelerating Vaccine Development to Save Lives

ACCP Strategies for Supporting Women With Cervical Cancer

This report provides an overview of current issues relating to cancer treatment in developing countries, followed by descriptions of existing support for cancer patients in countries where ACCP has worked and the support provided by ACCP projects. Finally, this report provides recommendations, based on ACCP experiences, for the provision of basic assistance at the national or local level to women with cervical cancer, within the context of a prevention-based intervention in low-resource settings.

Achieving Effective Sharps Waste Management in GAVI Host Countries

This document presents an analysis of safer sharps-waste management activities, including practical options using available or emerging technologies. The analysis includes an estimate of the baseline burden of disease from unsafe injection practices, the proposed solutions' potential impact on burden of disease, and a cost-effectiveness analysis of the proposed solutions.

Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL) Learning Materials

The USAID-funded Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative developed a learning package on the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage consisting of a reference manual, participant’s notebook, and facilitator’s guide. This learning package was developed for use by nurses, midwives, and doctors providing childbirth and immediate postpartum care. Information about implementing active management of the third stage of labor is featured in this reference manual as well as the corresponding participant’s notebook and facilitator’s guide. The reference manuals and facilitators' guides are available as one large file and also in smaller sections for easier downloading.

Active Management of Third Stage of Labour: A Clinical Tutorial

PATH's Maternal and Newborn Health Technology Initiative, in collaboration with South Africa's KwaZulu Natal Department of Health, produced this essential training video on active management of the third stage of labor. Using real clinical footage, this video presents the information, skills, and practices that birth attendants need to routinely provide this life-saving intervention and prevent postpartum hemorrhage. To obtain free copies of the video in high resolution, please email a request to publications@path.org. For optimal viewing of the low-resolution versions posted here, save the files to your hard drive by right-clicking on the links below and selecting “Save target as." Please note: the Clinical Tutorial and Core Topics files require Windows Media Player, available as a free download from Microsoft.

Activities and Stakeholders in the Global Water Sector: A Preliminary Analysis

This is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project. The project briefs are available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

Adaptation of Immunoassays for Multiplexed Diagnosis of a Diverse Panel of Pathogens Associated With Acute Febrile Illness

This poster summarizes PATH’s recent activities as part of a consortium lead by the University of Washington to develop the DxBox, a system comprising a portable instrument and low-cost disposable cards. The prototype is being developed to diagnose typhoid fever, dengue fever, rickettsial diseases, malaria, measles, and influenza. PATH’s contributions are immunoassay development, field studies, and user needs assessment. Presented at The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH), November 12, 2006; Atlanta, GA.

Addressing Gender to Improve Health

This fact sheet highlights how PATH integrates gender across its programmatic activities.

Addressing Poor Health in Nairobi's Slums

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes the work of the Nairobi Urban Health and Poverty Partnership to address the poor health outcomes associated with rapid urbanization and the related inaccessibility of adequate basic services.

Adolescent Reproductive Health: Making a Difference (Outlook, vol. 16, no. 3)

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website

Developed by PATH and Stanford University, the AIM website features modules on four immunization topics: introducing hepatitis B vaccine, introducing Japanese encephalitis vaccine, immunization financing, and an Excel tutorial. Three new modules are in development and are expected to be released in late 2008. These will address meningitis A vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, and a strategic planning for measles control (including the World Health Organization's measles strategic planning tool). An updated Japanese encephalitis module will also be available in late 2008. The website is designed for use in low-bandwidth settings, and the content is also available on CD-ROM.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Financing

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module helps immunization program managers recognize why financial planning is important for their immunization program, define the key characteristics of the vaccine market, identify and cost relevant expenditures, develop a budget and plan, and identify which financing strategy options would be best for their program.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Hepatitis B

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module will help senior policymakers understand hepatitis B and how immunization programs can decrease hepatitis B virus infection. It also provides information on how to add hepatitis B vaccine to an immunization program and how to manage the addition of a new vaccine.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Japanese Encephalitis

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module will help senior policymakers understand Japanese encephalitis (JE) and how immunization programs can decrease JE infection among people. It also provides information on how to add JE vaccine to an immunization program and how to manage the addition of a new vaccine.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Measles

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module supports use of the World Health Organization's computer-based Measles Strategic Planning tool. This tool helps program managers make informed decisions about measles vaccination strategies, estimate the current population immunity profile for measles, understand the probable impact of vaccination strategies on future measles cases and deaths, and assess cost considerations of different vaccination strategies.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Meningitis

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module provides comprehensive information on meningococcal meningitis from basic disease characteristics through immunization session planning.

Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Rotavirus

The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module provides comprehensive information from basic rotavirus disease characteristics through immunization session planning for rotavirus vaccine introduction.

Advances in Reproductive Health

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in reproductive health.

Advancing New Technologies Against a Global Threat

This fact sheet highlights PATH's work to advance development of new vaccines against seasonal and pandemic influenza.

Advocacy in Zambia

This fact sheet provides an overview of the approach to advocacy that the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) takes to ensure that preventing and treating malaria is a priority in government offices, district health agencies, and the homes of those who are vulnerable to the disease.

Advocacy to Improve Global Health: Strategies and Stories From the Field

By influencing the priorities and actions of those in power, PATH works to create a policy environment that supports good health. This workbook provides examples of how PATH uses ten key steps for strategic advocacy to achieve lasting policy change. The collection of stories are intended to serve as a resource to help global health implementers and advocates more deliberately develop strategies to achieve policy goals.

Affordable Technologies for Health

Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention Website

Launched in 2002, this website provides information on the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention, of which PATH is a member.

AMKENI: Engaging Communities in Coast and Western Provinces

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in behavioral change communication as part of AMKENI, a program of integrated family planning, reproductive health, and child survival services.

An Advocacy Strategy for Adoption and Dissemination of the WHO Policy on TB Infection Control in Health Care Facilities, Congregate Settings, and Households

In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a new policy to guide activities for controlling tuberculosis (TB) infection. This report provides guidance on advocacy for political and financial support for TB infection control from donors and countries, widespread adoption of the WHO policy, and incorporation of it into national and local policies. The report also addresses advocacy for linkages with civil society organizations in the field to ensure demand for and implementation of the WHO policy to protect health workers, patients, and communities from TB transmission.

An Integrated Approach to Confronting Diarrheal Disease

This briefing paper provides an overview of the tools and interventions involved with an integrated approach to diarrheal disease control, including vaccines, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, and zinc treatment. The document also advocates for renewed commitment at global, regional, and national levels.

An Investigation Into the Context of Use and Functionality of Neonatal Resuscitator Devices

A HealthTech report evaluating neonatal resuscitators.

An Overview of GEOVAC: A Software Application to Monitor Immunization Performance in Georgia

The GEOVAC software application is a tool designed to help personnel of regional level centers of public health and the National Center for Disease Control in Georgia process a large flow of immunization-related data in much less time than the previous (manual) system. This document illustrates GEOVAC functions, relating them to the features of the upgraded Georgian immunization information system and demonstrating what it can offer immunization managers in the decision making process. It is designed primarily for policymakers in countries planning to strengthen their immunization and/or surveillance systems, donor organizations that can support such reforms, and agencies working in these technical areas.

Analysis of WHO Policy Development Process for a New Intervention

This document presents the World Health Organization's analyss of policy-development processes for new interventions.

An Overview of PATH’s Injection Safety Work: 1999–2009

In the field of safe injection, PATH has served for more than 20 years in a global leadership role, championing improved approaches to injection safety for the developing world. This document summarizes PATH's safe injection work over the past 10 years and includes information related to the development of policies and standards for injection safety as well as a list of safe injection technology evaluations conducted by PATH. This document also contains a list of PATH reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, and technical resources published over the past ten years.

Andhra Pradesh, India - Building a Model Immunization Program

This document describes how an Indian state protects millions and demonstrates what new vaccines and technologies can achieve.

Andhra Pradesh: Progress in Immunization Performance

Anemia Detection in Health Services: Guidelines for Program Managers

Anemia detection is often used as a screening test for iron deficiency. These guidelines are intended to help program managers establish anemia detection services or enhance existing services.

Anemia Detection Methods in Low-Resource Settings: A Manual for Health Workers

Annotated Bibliography on Delivery Kits

This annotated bibliography provides a brief summary and citation information for published materials that are relevant to clean-delivery kits.

Antiretroviral Products for HIV Prevention: Looking Toward 2031

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. This paper explores issues surrounding the use of antiretroviral products for the prevention of HIV, including how antiretrovirals might be used to prevent infection and potential issues emerging from such use.

AP Shares Lessons With Other States on Strengthening Routine Immunization and Introducing New Vaccines

APHIA Projects: Eastern and Nyanza Provinces

This fact sheet describes PATH's work on APHIA projects, focusing on HIV and AIDS service delivery, as well as broader reproductive health issues.

Are You Experienced? Using the Lessons Learned From Marketing Research on Consumer Experience to Improve the Research and Development of New HIV Prevention Technologies

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative.  This paper examines the process of research and development for new HIV prevention technologies and their eventual adoption by consumers of such technologies.

Asking Questions for IMPACT

This fact sheet describes PATH's behavior change communication work as part of the IMPACT project in Kenya.

Assessing Ultra Rice

This document briefly examines some of the research that has been conducted on Ultra Rice. From positive consumer acceptance and nutrient retention studies to impressive efficacy trials on improving vitamin A and iron levels, Ultra Rice has been proven to be an effective, low-cost rice fortification technology.

Assessment of Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance Systems in Georgia

This comprehensive assessment of the Georgian vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) surveillance system identifies major problems in the Georgian health system that limit the ability of current surveillance efforts to provide quality information to guide public health actions.

Association Between Maternal, Birth, and Newborn Characteristics and Neonatal Mortality in Five Asian Countries

Questions about new interventions believed to improve neonatal survival have been added to the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in five Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. This document explores associations between these interventions and neonatal mortality and discusses implications for future research.

ASUH (Awal Sehat Untuk Hidup Sehat): Improving the Health of Newborns in Indonesia: Final Report

Final report from PATH to USAID Jakarta for the ASUH or Healthy Start for a Healthy Life program. From 2000-2003, PATH, in collaboration with the Indonesian Ministry of Health and other partners, galvanized the participation of communities and the health system in four of Indonesia's districts.

Attitudes Toward Immunization in Cambodia: A Qualitative Study of Health Worker and Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Kampong Chhnang

Attitudes Toward Tuberculosis (TB) Services Among People Living With HIV and AIDS (PLHA) in Ukraine

This poster presentation describes the results of the exit interviews conducted with 312 tuberculosis (TB) patients who may or may not be HIV-positive and five focus group discussions conducted with people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA) in Kyiv City and Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. This poster was presented at the XVI AIDS conference in Toronto, August 13-18, 2006.

Autodisposable Syringes and Sharps Disposal Containers with DMPA

Bangladesh Bidder's Guide

This highly illustrated manual is designed to help suppliers and consultants understand the documents and procedures they will encounter when they compete for Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) contracts financed wholly or in part by the World Bank's International Development Association.The manual explains the contracting sequence for goods and services, explains how to prepare bids or proposals, and describes procedures for awards and financial arrangements. The manual includes important background information about the World Bank, a list of resources, a list of acronyms, and a glossary.

Basic Delivery Kit Guide

This comprehensive manual provides information about multiple aspects of delivery kit projects. Detailed discussions and practical work tools help programs decide whether they should develop a basic delivery kit project -- and, if so, how they can plan, assemble, distribute, and promote the kits. The guide is available for downloading as one large file or as seven smaller files.

Becoming a Man During AmaXhosa Ceremonial Rites of Initiation: A Manual for Teaching Traditional Surgeons and Attendants About Safe Circumcision and Social and Sexual Responsibility

This manual is designed for teaching traditional surgeons/circumcisers (ingcibis) and attendants (amakhankatha) about safe male circumcision (MC) practices and how to talk to initiates about social and sexual responsibility during the amaXhosa ceremonial rites of initiation (ulwaluko) into manhood. It is used as part of a training program in the Eastern Cape of South Africa that provides extended post-MC education to young initiates during ulwaluko. In the program, ingcibis and amakhakatha learn key messages of social and sexual responsibility that are intended to be passed on to young initiates as they heal from their circumcision and go through their traditional initiation rites.

Behavior Change Communication: Increasing Access to Safe Abortion in Nepal

This two-page fact sheet gives a brief overview of the behavior change communication (BCC) work PATH and its partners are doing to increase knowledge of and access to safe abortion in Nepal.

Best Practices in HIV/AIDS Prevention Education: The AIDS Surveillance and Education Project in the Philippines

BIRTHweigh III

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on the BIRTHweigh III scale.

Breast Cancer: Increasing Incidence, Limited Options (Outlook, vol. 19, no 4 revised)

Breastfeeding and Diarrhea

This fact sheet aims to raise awareness about breastfeeding to prevent and treat diarrhea. One in a set of introductory resources, it provides stakeholders and policymakers in the world’s poorest countries with crucial information on a proven intervention in the fight against diarrheal disease.

Bridging the Gap

Sent every other month, the Bridging the Gap e-newsletter is designed for individual supporters. It highlights new projects, stories from the field, and reports on the impact of our work. It's a source for events and updates, keeping people who are committed to global health in the loop and offering ways to get involved.

Bringing New Health Technologies Within Reach for Everyone

This document describes PATH’s approach to maximizing the availability, accessibility, and affordability of technologies through private-sector collaboration.

Bringing Youth and Adults Together to Improve Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Uganda

This case study describes the African Youth Alliance's youth-adult partnerships to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Uganda. It includes a description of PATH's behavior change communication intervention in association with the Making Positive Living Attractive to Youth (Ma-PLAY) group that leveraged adults' important role and young people's imagination, wisdom, and power to create a "culture of health" among Kampala's youth.

Building a Protected Sharps Barrel

This document explains how to correctly build a protected sharps barrel for the disposal of waste.

Building a Protected Sharps Pit

This document explains how to correctly build a protected sharps pit for the disposal of waste.

Building Connections: Understanding Relationships and Networks to Improve Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs

Building Connections describes the structures and dynamics of relationships and networks, and of program approaches that influence youth behaviors. It is designed for field application by program practitioners, researchers, and academics interested in familiarizing themselves with the concepts and practice of social network research. The document is available for downloading as one large file or two smaller files.

Building the Future of Immunization: The Children's Vaccine Program Annual Report

Cambodia: "Coverage Improvement Planning" Pays Off - Expanding Services and Increasing Financial Sustainablity

Capacity-Building Resources in Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health

This set of capacity-building resources is designed to help organizations integrate youth sexual and reproductive health (YSRH) into ongoing programs, or to introduce YSRH as a new program area. Content is designed to encourage programmers to consider "new generation" approaches that respond to the evolving needs of young people, strengthen skills in key program areas, and build partnerships and network that result in a critical mass of development staff who can effectively respond to young people's need. Due to the document's size, the material is available for downloading as one large file or as as six smaller files.

Caring for People Living with HIV/AIDS (Outlook, vol. 19, no. 2)

The Case for Childhood Immunization

The Case for Investing in Cervical Cancer Prevention

This document provides evidence on cervical cancer's burden of disease and the importance of women

The Case for Preventing Malnutrition Through Improved Infant Feeding and Management of Childhood Illness

This poster and accompanying handout, presented by the IYCN Project at the 10th Commonwealth Association of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Congress on Diarrhoea & Malnutrition in August 2009, make a case for investing in prevention of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) rather than in the universal introduction of SAM treatment.

Case Study: Andhra Pradesh -- Introducing and Scaling Up a Sharps Waste Management Program

CD4+ T-lymphocyte Test

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on a CD4+ T-lymphocyte test.

Center for Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Global Health Website

The website for the Center for Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Global Health (GHDx Center) provides an overview of the GHDx Center’s activities and announces training and funding opportunities related to its goals. The GHDx Center works to improve the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential point-of-care diagnostic tests for use in low-resource settings around the world.

Cervical Cancer Pevention in Western Province

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes the work of the Western Kenya Cervical Cancer Prevention Project.

Cervical Cancer Prevention Initiatives at PATH: Two Decades of Progress Toward a World Free of HPV-Related Cancers

PATH’s key areas of work in cervical cancer prevention are described in depth in this 12-page publication.

Cervical Cancer Vaccine Project

This fact sheet provides a basic description of the PATH Cervical Cancer Vaccine Project designed to strengthen the capacity of developing countries in the prevention of cervical cancer.

Cervical Cancer, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV Vaccines: Key Points for Policy-Makers and Health Professionals

This booklet summarizes and updates the World Health Organization (WHO) document Human Papillomavirus and HPV Vaccine: Technical Information for Policy-Makers and Health Professionals and the WHO/UNFPA guidance note Preparing for the Introduction of HPV Vaccines—Policy and Programme Guidance for Countries. They are available in the STIs/RTIs section of the WHO website.

Challenging Assumptions: Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS

This two-page policy brief discusses the benefits of breastfeeding in light of the risk of perinatal HIV transmission. Recommendations include increasing adoption of recent World Health Oragnization guidelines on infant feeding and HIV and extending support to cover the first two years of life.

Chemically-Heated Non-Instrumented Nucleic-Acid Amplification Assay Platform

An overview of a diagnostic platform that PATH is developing based on nucleic-acid amplification that will require no instrumentation. It has the dual purpose of providing molecular diagnostics at the point of care as well as stabilizing nucleic-acid specimens for further analysis via a centralized surveillance system. Presented at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry 40th Annual Oak Ridge Conference, April 17, 2008; San Jose, CA.

Childhood Immunization: What You Need to Know - A Handbook for Health Workers and Parents

China Youth Reproductive Health Project Impact Evaluation Studies

This document provides an overview of seven impact evaluation studies conducted for the China Youth Reproductive Health Project. Summaries of these results for each of the individual studies are also available, as are the full evaluation documents.

The China Youth Reproductive Health Project Training Manual: Youth-Friendly Services

This handbook is an English translation of the Chinese manual created for the China Youth Reproductive Health Project. It includes modules to train counselors in youth-friendly services.

Chlorhexidine for Umbilical Cord Care

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on the use of chlorhexidine for umbilical cord care.

Choosing Male Sterilization (Outlook, vol. 21, no. 3)

This issue of Outlook looks primarily at vasectomy as a contraceptive option for men. A number of important topics related to this theme are addressed, including no-scalpel vasectomy, no-scalpel vs. conventional vasectomy, choosing vasectomy, cost, vasectomy in developing countries, possible side effects and complications, regret, reversibility, and other strategies for male contraception.

Ciclopiroxolamine: A Vaginal Product with Microbicide Potential

This poster was presented by PATH's India Microbicide Project at the Microbicides 2004 Conference in London. It describes ciclopiroxolamine, a vaginal product with microbicide potential. Ciclopiroxolamine is a unique microbicide candidate with a long history of proven safety in clinical use as a vaginal and skin product with anti-infective properties. It is already formulated, manufactured, and marketed worldwide in vaginal products. (This project was active from January 2002 to June 2006. It is on hold pending support to obtain additional data on anti-HIV activity.)

Citra Diri Training for ASUH Midwives

Description of Citra Diri Training in Indonesia.

Clean Delivery Kit Workshop Manual

Clean Delivery Kit Workshop Report Introduction

Clean Delivery Kit: a Timeline of PATH's Involvement

This document provides a timeline of the Clean Delivery Kit project at PATH.

Clean-Delivery Kits: Guidelines for Their Use in Programmatic Settings

This two-page document outlines basic programmatic guidelines for the use of clean-delivery kits in international settings. It includes a discussion of kit contents, an overview of research on the effectiveness of kits, principles of clean delivery, issues related to production of local kits, and information about ordering preassembled kits.

Cleaning and Disinfection of Thermal Cautery Equipment

This job aid discusses cleaning and disinfection of thermal cautery equipment for vasectomy.

Clinical Training for ASUH Midwives

Description of clinical training provided to midwives in Indonesia.

Clinical Trials: Crucial Steps on the Road to a Malaria Vaccine

Cold Chain Equipment Manager (CCEM)

The Cold Chain Equipment Manager (CCEM) is a Microsoft Access–based software tool. It is accompanied by a user manual, data collection questionnaires, a surveyor’s guide to these questionnaires, and an equipment identification guide. CCEM also comes with practice files, providing new users with practice data to demonstrate how CCEM will analyze cold chain equipment data and facilitate multiyear equipment planning. CCEM version 2.1 will be available for download and on CD in September 2010; email publications@path.org to request a copy. For more information, please see the CCEM project description.

Cold Chain Technologies

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the current project on cold chain technologies at PATH.

Commercial Approaches to Providing Safe Water in India: A Literature Review

This is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project. The briefs are available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

Common Virus and Senseless Killer: A Briefing Paper on Rotavirus

This briefing paper underscores the burden of rotavirus and highlights the promise of vaccines to combat the virus as the global health community prepares for worldwide introduction.  

Communications Booklet for Parents of Scouts and Interested Adults

Communications Handbook for Clinical Trials

This handbook is a practical guide developed for site-level microbicide researchers, communicators, advocates, and others working on HIV prevention trials in developing countries. It includes context-specific case studies and practical insights from actual clinical trial communications initiatives. The handbook can be downloaded at no cost as a single 8.8 MB PDF or by individual chapter. Hard copies are available for US$75 for commercial organizations and $45 for nonprofit organizations. Individuals or institutions wishing to apply for a complimentary copy should send a request describing their professional involvement in clinical trial management on letterhead stationery.

Community Engagement in HIV Prevention Trials: Evolution of the Field and Opportunities for Growth

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. The paper explores progress made in engaging communities in biomedical research and highlights areas where continued progress is needed.

Community Outreach and Peer Education for HIV and AIDS Prevention: The AIDS Surveillance and Education Project in the Philippines

Comparative Study of the Functionality and Acceptability of Four Neonatal Resuscitation Devices

This report documents a participatory evaluation that sought to expand the accessibility, availability, and use of appropriate and effective neonatal resuscitator devices for South African populations.

Conclusions From ACCP Clinical Research in Developing Countries

This ACCP Cervical Cancer Prevention Fact Sheet summarizes the major findings and conclusions from ACCP research on organized cervical cancer prevention programs, alternative screening methods, treatment methods for precancerous lesions, and cost-effectiveness of screen-and-treat programs.

Connecting Communities With Health Care Facilities to Prevent Malnutrition (Lesotho)

This document tells the story of Mabeata, an IYCN-trained community health worker, and Adelina, a nurse, who meet monthly at the Litsoeneng Health Centre in Lesotho to make sure children in their community grow well and stay healthy.

Considerations for Building a Protected Sharps Pit Using a Plastic Barrel as a Pit Liner

In this document you will find a one page description and drawing of steps to consider when building a sharps pit with a plastic barrel as a pit liner.

Consumer and Market Research on Household Water Treatment Products in Vietnam

PATH’s Safe Water Project is implementing an innovative safe water project with the goal of enabling commercial enterprises to produce, distribute, sell, and maintain effective household water treatment and storage products for low-income populations in Vietnam and other developing countries. This project brief summarizes the results of three studies—a consumer study, a product scan, and an analysis of distribution channels—that were conducted from April to December 2008 to inform the development and implementation of a safe water pilot project in Vietnam.

Contraceptive Methods in Focus: IUDs, Implants, and Oral Contraceptives (Outlook, vol. 21, no. 1)

Despite an increase in demand and availability, access to contraceptive use remains a challenge to many due to a variety of barriers. For health care providers and counselors, providing the most up-to-date information concerning contraceptive choices is critical for ensuring clients are able to make the best decisions about their reproductive needs. This issue of Outlook addresses several topics related to contraceptive methods, including trends in contraceptive use, the underutilization of IUDs, the increase in options for contraceptive implants, combined oral contraceptives, and new options in hormonal contraception.

Convergence of HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for People Living With or Most at Risk of HIV: A Toolkit for Building Capacity

This toolkit provides practical guidance for building the capacity of various institutions to converge (or integrate) HIV and sexual and reproductive health services strategically. Developed in India, the toolkit is designed for program managers of nongovernmental organizations and community-based organizations; health care providers in the public sector at the national, district, and facility levels; and those running private-sector programs. The document is available as one large file or as two smaller files for easier downloading.

Convergence of HIV and SRH Services in India: Impacts on and Implications for Key Populations

This document reviews global literature on the impacts and implications for converging HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for people most at risk: young men and women, sex workers, and HIV-positive people.

Correspondence Between RBP and Retinol From DBS Specimens Prepared From Capillary Blood: Evidence From Zimbabwe

This document provides evidence from a study in Zimbabwe that demonstrates the correspondence between serum retinol and retionol-binding protein in estimating the prevalence of and screening for vitamin A deficiency.

Counseling on Dual Protection: STD/HIV and Pregnancy - A Guide for Program Staff, Community Health Outreach Works (CHOWs) and Peer Educators (PEs)

This publication is a job aid designed to be used by community health outreach workers to counsel youth on dual protection (STD/HIV and pregnancy prevention).

Country-Specific Approaches for Infant Feeding and HIV Activities

This fact sheet summarizes the Infant & Young Child Nutrition Project's approach to designing and implementing infant feeding and HIV activities.

Course in Visual Methods for Cervical Cancer Screening: Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid and Lugol's Iodine

This manual is designed for trainers of clinicians who perform vaginal speculum examination and screening methods to prevent cervical cancer. Please note that the online version is a preview. The complete CD-ROM may be ordered by emailing rho@path.org.

Creating a Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance System in Vietnam

This document provides details on PATH's partnership with the National Expanded Program on Immunization in Vietnam to enhance surveillance of Japanese encephalitis disease and inform planning for immunization programs.

Cryotherapy for Cervical Cancer Prevention

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on cryotherapy for cervical cancer prevention.

Current and Future HPV Vaccines: Promise and Challenges

This 72-page document offers an in-depth look at vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), both currently available vaccines and those in development, including therapeutic vaccines. The document includes an examination of programmatic issues relevant to developing countries.

Delivery Kit

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes delivery kit work at PATH.

Demonstrating Needle Remover Use to Improve Sharps Waste Management in Vietnam

PATH and Vietnam's National Expanded Program on Immunization pilot tested the use of a needle-remover device in rural Vietnam. This fact sheet reports on health workers' experience that needle removers were easy to operate, safe, and effective for treating contaminated syringes at health centers and in the community.

Designing Safe Syringe Disposal Systems for Immunization Services: A Guide for Program Managers

Detection and Characterization of Acute Febrile Illness in Western Kenya

This poster presents a study to collect and characterize specimens from febrile patients who were suspected to have malaria, pedigree specimens against a panel of nucleic acid and serological markers, and draw early insights into data that would be generated by a multiplex diagnostic platform. Presented at The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, December 7, 2008; New Orleans, LA.

Developing a Point-of-Care Multiplexed Diagnostic System for Low-Resource Settings in Developing Countries

A report on the selection and evaluation of target markers for a multiplex diagnostic platform under development. Based on the DxBox platform being developed as part of a public-private consortium lead by the University of Washington. Presented at the Molecular Medicine Tri-Conference, March 25, 2008; San Francisco, CA.

Developing an Affordable Sanitary Pad

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on developing an affordable sanitary pad made out of common agricultural waste materials.

Developing an Introduction Strategy For Needle Removers

This document briefly describes the core components needed to introduce and use needle removers in a safe and sustainable manner.

Developing Cervical Cancer Screening Programs that Meet Women's Needs

Developing Materials on HIV/AIDS/STIs for Low-Literate Audiences: A Guide

This publication is a comprehensive discussion of developing print materials for programs to use to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. It is available for downloading as one large file or as five smaller files.

Developing New Vaccines Against Diarrheal Disease

This fact sheet highlights PATH's work to develop safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, two of the leading bacterial causes of diarrheal disease.

Developing New Vaccines Against Pneumonia

This fact sheet outlines PATH's pneumococcal vaccine project from a technical perspective. It includes an overview of PATH's vaccine development portfolio, research activities, and partners to support the development of vaccines against pneumococcal disease that can be effective and affordable for children in the developing world.

Development of a Freeze-Stable Formulation for Vaccines Containing Aluminum Salt Adjuvants

This article was published in Vaccine, Volume 27, Issue 1, Jones Braun L, Tyagi A, Perkins S, et al, Development of a freeze-stable formulation for vaccines containing aluminum salt adjuvants, pp. 72-79, Copyright Elsevier (2009). The journal may be accessed at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X. 

Device for Automated Capture of E. coli O157:H7 From Feces: Feasibility for Point-of-Care Detection

This poster reports progress incorporating magnetic beads within a unique lab card that permits efficient capture and enrichment of E. coli O157:H7 from feces. Presented at the 106th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, May 21, 2006; Orlando, FL.

Dialogues for Life: Training Facilitators in Dialogue-Based Behavior Change Communication for Reproductive Health

This training course was developed as a component of the Dialogues for Life approach, which focuses on preventing unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion and increasing women’s access to safe, legal abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancy. The course prepares participants to lead activities such as dialogue groups, magnification of personal stories of behavior change, and facilitation of referrals for reproductive health services.

Diarrheal Disease: Solutions to Defeat a Global Killer

Diarrheal Disease: Solutions to Defeat a Global Killer presents scientific evidence to support strategies to scale up use of interventions, including safe water, improved sanitation and hygiene, breastfeeding and optimal complementary feeding, rotavirus vaccines, zinc treatment, and oral rehydration therapy/oral rehydration solution. In addition, the report features case studies of on-the-ground programs that bring these tools to communities that need them most. The document is available as one large file or as three smaller files for easier downloading.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 1, Issue 1, January 2004)

The January 2004 issue of PATH's programmatic newsletter focuses on five projects: preventing HIV and AIDS in the Philippines, evaluating a malaria vaccine candidate, increasing youth access to services through pharmacies, advancing the Ultra Rice technology, and using theater to encourage social change.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 1, Issue 2, May 2004)

This issue of Directions in Global Health profiles five PATH projects: Entre Amigas, which is reaching young adolescent girls in Nicaragua with reproductive health and life skills; the Healthy Start for a Healthy Life project, which is improving the care of newborns in Indonesia; the Ukraine TB project, which is implementing training and IEC activities to control tuberculosis; PATH's Children's Vaccine Program, which is managing medical waste in Nepal; and the Horizons program, which is influencing gender norms among young men in Brazil.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2004)

The September 2004 issue of PATH's programmatic newsletter focuses on five projects: PATH's Children's Vaccine Program, which is strengthening immunization in Senegal, Cambodia, and India; evaluation of the SolarChill refrigerator, which is using solar power to fuel the cold chain; our cervical cancer work in Kenya and Peru, as part of the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention; the Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology--Child and Reproductive Health (PACT-CRH), which is transferring health technologies to India's private sector; and results from three evaluations of clean home delivery kits used in Nepal and Tanzania.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 2, Issue 1, April 2005)

The April 2005 issue of Directions in Global Health features five PATH projects: efforts to improve health among migrant communities in China, Thailand, and Cambodia; the Global Campaign for Microbicides, PATH's Woman's Condom, procurement of safe-injection supplies under the PEPFAR program, and the Rotavirus Vaccine Program.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 2, Issue 2, August 2005)

The August 2005 issue of Directions in Global Health features five PATH projects: our work with in- and out-of-school youth as part of the African Youth Alliance, a new test for vitamin A deficiency, HIV prevention among vulnerable groups in Georgia, cost analysis of rapid syphilis tests, and home-based care of people living with AIDS in South Africa.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 2, Issue 3, December 2005)

The December 2005 issue of Directions in Global Health features five projects: PATH's Japanese encephalitis project, our collaboration with WHO on gender-based violence, a "lab-on-a-card" technology for detecting enteric disease, new HPV DNA tests for detecting cervical cancer, and an innovative behavior-change project that is helping prevent HIV in Eritrea.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 3, Issue 1, May 2006)

This special issue of Directions in Global Health features PATH's work in malaria prevention and control. It describes PATH's partnerships, experience in Zambia, clinical trial activities, efforts to prepare for vaccine introduction, and advocacy efforts.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 3, Issue 2, August 2006)

This issue of Directions in Global Health features five PATH projects: our collaboration with the World Health Organization on the Meningitis Vaccine Project; prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Ukraine; a small grants program that is catalyzing behavior change in Africa; the Inter-Act project, which is training truck drivers to slow the HIV epidemic in India; and an evaluation of neonatal resuscitators.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 3, Issue 3, December 2006)

This issue of Directions in Global Health features five PATH projects: preparing for an avian influenza outbreak in Ukraine and Georgia; improving nevirapine packaging for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission; preventing postpartum hemorrhage through the POPPHI initiative; increasing access to safe abortion in Nepal; and supportive supervision of immunization programs in Vietnam.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 4, Issue 1, May 2007)

This special issue of Directions in Global Health highlights PATH's vaccine partnership efforts: PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), pneumococcal vaccine development project, Meningitis Vaccine Project, cervical cancer vaccine project, and Rotavirus Vaccine Program. The issue also features a case study of the vaccine vial monitor.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 4, Issue 2, September 2007)

This special issue of Directions in Global Health features PATH's work in women's health. Featured projects include Sure Start; the Maternal and Newborn Health Technology Initiative; the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative; Global Campaign for Microbicides; SILCS diaphragm; the PATH Woman's Condom; microbicide applicators; AIDS, Population, and Health Integrated Assistance II Western Province; and Spring Bud Healthy Development.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 4, Issue 3, January 2008)

This issue of Directions in Global Health profiles five aspects of PATH's work: our regional efforts to control tuberculosis, the development of and new applications for the Uniject device, a study evaluating storage of hepatitis B vaccine outside of the cold chain, promotion of condom use among young people, and PATH's procurement team.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 5, Issue 1, May 2008)

This issue of Directions in Global Health profiles our effort to expand access to safe water, particularly in India; a project to improve nutrition for infants and young children; our thermostable vaccine work; surveillance activities for Japanese encephalitis; and our work under the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 5, Issue 2, August 2008)

This special issue of Directions in Global Health describes PATH's work on HIV/AIDS. Featured projects focus on implementing interactive communication techniques that promote healthier behaviors, strengthening health systems to address the dual epidemics of HIV and tuberculosis, protecting youth against HIV, challenging gender norms to reduce the spread of HIV, and advancing innovative technologies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 5, Issue 3, December 2008)

This issue of Directions in Global Health describes PATH's work to control and prevent diarrheal disease, reach out to young scouts in Kenya and Uganda with HIV/AIDS information, assess the impact of malaria control efforts in Zambia, conduct DHS surveys, and shape HPV vaccine introduction in Peru.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 6, Issue 1, May 2009)

This special issue of Directions in Global Health highlights PATH’s work to advance technologies to improve global health. Featured technologies include low-cost tests to screen for cervical cancer, a new vaccine to protect against meningitis in Africa, products to prevent diarrheal disease, and Ultra Rice food fortification technology. The issue also includes a summary of PATH’s approach to developing and introducing innovative health technologies.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 6, Issue 2, August 2009)

This issue of Directions in Global Health showcases PATH’s global presence. It highlights work related to influenza in Africa, HIV and AIDS in Eastern Europe,  Japanese encephalitis in Asia, gender-based violence in Latin America and the Caribbean, and diagnostic technologies in North America. The back cover features a map and summary information on PATH’s work around the world.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2009)

This issue of Directions features PATH’s work to optimize vaccine supply systems, advance development of malaria vaccine candidates, prevent postpartum hemorrhage to save mothers’ lives, address health needs in Tanzania, and use monitoring and evaluation systems to further PATH’s mission. It also highlights two prestigious awards that PATH recently received.

Directions in Global Health (Volume 7, Issue 1, May 2010)

This issue of Directions in Global Health features PATH’s work to improve maternal and newborn health around the world. Articles cover innovative technologies to save newborns, better nutrition for mothers and children, methods to make childbirth safer, and women’s access to more options for family planning.

Discussion Guides for Peer Educators

These discussion guides were developed for IMPACT project peer educators. The series of seven discussion guides provides systematic, step-by-step guidance for peer educators on HIV and AIDS; covering infection, transmission, living with HIV and the difference between HIV and AIDS.

Disposable Enterics Card

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the disposable enterics card project at PATH.

Disposable-Syringe Jet Injection

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on designing the next generation of jet injectors.

Drug Demand Reduction Education Programme: Trainers Reference Manual

Dry-Reagent Storage for Disposable Lab-on-Card Diagnosis of Enteric Pathogens

An exploration of one technique for drying reagents onto a microfluidics card. Reagents needed for immunocapture, lysis, and PCR for pathogen capture can be stored in trehalose or trehalose dextran. Presented at the 1st Distributed Diagnosis and Home Healthcare Conference, April 2, 2006; Arlington, VA.

Ears to the Ground: An Exploration of African Culture and Health

This book contains descriptions of selected CHAPS projects from Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. CHAPS aimed to improve health, well being, and gender relations of communities by identifying, revising, and promoting cultural practices and beliefs through a small grants program. The stories contained in this book are more than project descriptions; they provide an opportunity to discuss and reflect on culture and health.

EC and Beyond, Issue #1

The four issues of this newsletter address emergency contraception (EC) and reproductive health (RH) topics of interest to health care providers, program managers, and decision-makers in the Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States region. The content is based in part (with permission) on the Emergency Contraception Newsletter published twice a year by the International Consortium for Emergency Contraception and the American Society for Emergency Contraception. Topics include questions and answers, international EC news, regional EC and RH news, research results and technical updates, recent publications, meetings and events listings, and links to further resources. Available in English and Russian.

EC and Beyond, Issue #2

The four issues of this newsletter address emergency contraception (EC) and reproductive health (RH) topics of interest to health care providers, program managers, and decision-makers in the Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States region. The content is based in part (with permission) on the Emergency Contraception Newsletter published twice a year by the International Consortium for Emergency Contraception and the American Society for Emergency Contraception. Topics include questions and answers, international EC news, regional EC and RH news, research results and technical updates, recent publications, meetings and events listings, and links to further resources. Available in English and Russian.

EC and Beyond, Issue #3

The four issues of this newsletter address emergency contraception (EC) and reproductive health (RH) topics of interest to health care providers, program managers, and decision-makers in the Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States region. The content is based in part (with permission) on the Emergency Contraception Newsletter published twice a year by the International Consortium for Emergency Contraception and the American Society for Emergency Contraception. Topics include questions and answers, international EC news, regional EC and RH news, research results and technical updates, recent publications, meetings and events listings, and links to further resources. Available in English and Russian.

EC and Beyond, Issue #4

The four issues of this newsletter address emergency contraception (EC) and reproductive health (RH) topics of interest to health care providers, program managers, and decision-makers in the Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States region. The content is based in part (with permission) on the Emergency Contraception Newsletter published twice a year by the International Consortium for Emergency Contraception and the American Society for Emergency Contraception. Topics include questions and answers, international EC news, regional EC and RH news, research results and technical updates, recent publications, meetings and events listings, and links to further resources. Available in English and Russian.

Effectiveness, Safety and Acceptability of Cryotherapy: A Systematic Literature Review

The main objective of the review was to examine the available data on the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy, and to communicate the evidence base to health professionals and policy makers in developing countries.

Effects of Freezing on Vaccine Potency: Literature Review

This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Efficacy of Standard Methods for Water Testing at a Range of Nonstandard Temperature

Fifteen strains of Escherichia coli from various geographical areas, animal, and soil sources were tested on standard and nonstandard detection assays at temperatures from 23°C to 45°C to test the viability of currently available E. coli tests in low-resource settings. Presented at the American Society for Microbiology Conference, June 1, 2008; Boston, MA.

Emergency Contraception Tools Notebook

This comprehensive notebook provides 14 files addressing a range of topics for both clinical and non-clinical who may provide EC. It also provides information about protocols and standing orders as well as templates for referral cards, telephone screening protocols, and related resources.

Emergency Contraception: It's Not Too Late To Prevent Pregnancy

This brochure, which is available in 14 languages, helps health care providers communicate with clients about emergency contraception. The brochure is formatted so that it can be downloaded, printed, photocopied (double-sided), and then folded. There are two versions for each language: one for letter-size paper, the other for A4-size paper.

Emerging Trends in HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. This paper explores issues that could be included in a future research agenda to enhance drug development for HIV/AIDS, including the optimal time to begin antiretroviral therapy, appropriate dosing of antiretrovirals, possible implications of HIV on advanced aging, and an exploration of recent challenges in drug development.

EMPOWER fact sheets

These fact sheets describe a PATH project focused on expanding prevention options for women.

Empowering Communities through ASUH

Description of how ASUH helped communities in Indonesia.

Encouraging Healthy Sexual and Reproductive Health Behaviors (Outlook, vol. 22, no. 3)

This issue of Outlook focuses on using behavior change communication (BCC) to encourage healthy individual and societal behaviors related to sexual and reproductive health. It also addresses the challenges and importance of monitoring and evaluating BCC programs.

Engaging Men to Increase Support for Optimal Infant Feeding in Western Kenya

This handout is based on a poster presented by the Infant and Young Child Nutrition Project and AIDS, Population, and Health Integrated Assistance II Western Program at the 5th Breastfeeding and Feminism Symposium. It describes a pilot activity that aimed to integrate infant and young child nutrition into current community-level male involvement activities.

Enhancing Equity and Sustainability of Public-Sector Family Planning

These fact sheets provide an overview of the rationale, framework, and key concepts of PATH's Enhancing Equity and Sustainability of Public-Sector Family Planning project, funded by the Fred H. Bixby Foundation. This reproductive health project aims to strengthen country-led, public-sector decision-making for family planning within a total market context and will be implemented in Nicaragua and Vietnam.

Enhancing Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for Vulnerable Populations in Ukraine: Facing the Challenge

This poster presentation describes the results of a baseline Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) provider survey. A total of 893 medical and social service providers offering (VCT) services to populations engaged in risky behavior from 12 project sites in Ukraine participated in the survey. This poster was presented at the XVI AIDS conference in Toronto, August 13-18, 2006.

Ensuring Contraceptive Supply Security (Outlook, vol. 20, no. 3)

International assistance for family planning has been shrinking at a time when many family planning programs in developing countries are experiencing shortages of supplies. This issue of Outlook discusses contraceptive supply security, including its critical components, the current status of funding, causes of contraceptive shortages, and challenges and promising approaches to achieving supply security.

Ensuring Privacy and Confidentiality in Reproductive Health Services: A Training Module and Guide for Service Providers

A growing body of research supports that protection of privacy and confidentiality is a priority factor in whether clients access RH information, counseling, and services. Whe clients experience violations of privacy or confidentiality they are more likely to drop out of services. This manual is designed to enable clinic staff at all levels to better support and protect the right of clients to privacy and confidentiality. It includes a training module; job aids; and supporting documents (that includes a list of resources related to privacy and confidentiality).

Ensuring the Availability of Reproductive Health Supplies

This case profile highlights a suite of supply-chain projects in reproductive health that serve as examples of PATH's efforts in strengthening health systems. Key issues related to the availability, affordability, and quality of reproductive health supplies are summarized along with PATH’s efforts to improve manufacturing, purchasing, and distribution of reproductive health supplies globally.

eQuest: Encouraging Youth to Seek Their Own Answers to HIV

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work on the eQuest project, using SMS technology to engage young people in authentic dialogue with their peers and adults about HIV.

Eritrea: Winning Through Caring

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes PATH's work with the Eritrean government and the World Bank’s HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Tuberculosis Control Project (HAMSET). As part of the FHI/IMPACT project, PATH created Winning Through Caring, behavior change communication that provided information about HIV prevention, care, and support.

Essential Medicines for Reproductive Health: Guiding Principles for Inclusion on National Medicines Lists

WHO, UNFPA, and other agencies have collaborated to establish a common nonproprietary list of essential reproductive health medicines. This introductory guide is a companion to that work and provides an overview of the process for including reproductive health medicines on national essential medicines lists at the country level based on the essential medicines concept. The guide also presents the rationale for including these medicines on national essential medicines lists.

Evaluation of a Clean Delivery Kit Intervention in Preventing Cord Infection and Puerperal Sepsis in Mwanza, Tanzania

This is the final research report on the evaluation of clean delivery kits in Tanzania. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of a delivery kit intervention on reducing cord infection and puerperal sepsis among newborns and their mothers. Study results indicate that use of the clean delivery kit had a positive effect on reducing both cord infection and puerperal sepsis. The effect of the kit on reducing cord infection was much greater than on puerperal sepsis, but both were significant.

Evaluation of a Disposable Needle-Removal Device in Uganda: A HealthTech Report

This report summarizes a three-month evaluation of a disposable needle removal device in Uganda in an effort to collect information on injection safety in the context of delivery of injectable contraceptives.

Evaluation of a Needle Remover Demonstration Project: A Study From Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam

PATH and the Vietnam Ministry of Health implemented a six-month demonstration project in Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam, to assess the acceptability, performance, and impact on waste disposal of a manual needle remover introduced at commune health centers. The results of this demonstration project will enable the Vietnam National Immunization Program to explore alternative methods that may be more effective and appropriate than current practices for managing medical waste at the commune level. This report provides background, methodology, results, discussion, and references associated with an evaluation of the project.

Evaluation of a Needle-Remover Device and Sharps Barrel in Health Posts in Senegal: Final Report

This publication provides a final report on the evaluation of needle-remover devices and sharps barrels in health posts in Senegal.

Evaluation of a Retractable Syringe in South Africa: Acceptability, Safety, and Cost Implications

In 2006 and 2007, PATH assessed the acceptability, perception of safety, effect on waste management, and cost implications of using retractable syringes in immunization and curative settings in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The research included focus group discussions and individual interviews, observations, an anonymous questionnaire, and a spreadsheet-based model to estimate costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness.

Evaluation of Out-of-the-cold-chain Approaches for Improving On-time Delivery of the Hepatitis B Birth Dose in Rural Areas of China

This document summarizes the results of a study of out-of-the-cold-chain approaches for improving on-time delivery of birth doses of the hepatitis B vaccine in rural areas of China.

Evaluation of the Impact of Life-Planning Skills Training Among Senior High School Students in Shangcai County

These documents describe a study to evaluate the impact of sexual and reproductive health education using life-planning skills training among senior high school students in Shangcai, a county with high HIV prevalence in China. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Evaluation of the Impact of Life-Planning Skills Training in the Harbin City Education System

These documents report on a study to evaluate the impact of the ChinaYouth Reproductive Health Project implemented in Harbin City. The study included (1) documenting cooperation with the Education Bureau and institutionalization of life-planning skills (LPS) training in schools, (2) documenting the process of facilitator training, the effect of the training, and the role of trained facilitators in the project, and (3) assessing the impact of LPS education on school students. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Evaluation of the Impact of Parents' Reproductive Health Training in Tianjin City

These documents report on a study to evaluate the impact of simultaneous training of parents and students in Tianjin middle schools in sexual and reproductive health and life-planning skills. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Evaluation of Youth-Friendly Services in Shanghai

These documents describe a study to evaluate youth-friendly service centers at different levels under the China Youth Reproductive Health Project. The study evaluated the centers' service provision and service utilization, analyzed the needs of adolescents, and identified improvements needed in Shanghai's youth services. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Evidence of Vaccine Freezing in the Cold Chain

This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Examination of Venous and Capillary Blood Specimens for Assessment of Vitamin A Deficiency (Thailand Study)

This study provided the first evidence of the biological comparability between serum retinol levels estimated from venous blood and capillary blood. This critical observation provides empirical evidence that this important indicator of vitamin A status may be measured from capillary blood, which has important implications for nonclinical population-based research.

Examining the Costs of Providing Medical Abortion in Vietnam

Abortion is a widely available and extensively utilized legal medical procedure in Vietnam. However, there are still a number of serious concerns related to the quality of care associated with available abortion services, such as clinical practices, a woman

Expanding Magnet Theater

This fact sheet describes PATH's work to bring magnet theater to Shikusa Juvenile Centre in Western Kenya.

Expanding Vaccine Solutions Against Influenza

This fact sheet highlights PATH's multifaceted approach to expanding vaccine solutions against pandemic and seasonal influenza that are optimal for the developing world. It describes our efforts to advance the development of promising new influenza vaccines, gain a better understanding of influenza disease patterns and vaccine solutions appropriate in tropical developing countries, and help emerging-country manufacturers produce influenza vaccines for pandemic preparedness.

Exploring Enterprise-Based Life-Planning Skills Training

This case study documents the implementation from November 2001 to September 2005 of the China Youth Reproductive Health project by the Guangdong Provincial Highway Company, a division of the Guangdong Transportation Group. Project processes, outcomes, and challenges related to implementation of life-planning skills training and other project activities are shared.

Fact Sheet: Plasmodium vivax Malaria

Falciparum Malaria IC Strip Test

Family Planning and the Environment: Connected Through Human and Community Well-Being (Outlook, vol. 27, no. 1)

This issue of Outlook provides an overview of the family planning/environment relationship, including lessons learned for integrated programs and case studies of tested approaches for extending family planning into remote rural areas. These communities suffer disproportionately from environmental degradation and associated poor health consequences.

Female Condom: A Powerful Tool for Protection

More than 100 experts from 15 countries met in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 2005 at the Global Consultation on the Female Condom (GCFC) to discuss the status of the female condom worldwide and to develop a plan of action to build support for the method. This document answers key questions about the female condom and builds on the momentum created at the GCFC by presenting evidence of the female condom's effectiveness and impact, identifying current challenges to wider use, and indicating the steps that need to be taken now to develop strong female condom programs worldwide.

The Female Condom: Significant Potential for STI and Pregnancy Prevention (Outlook, vol. 22, no. 2)

This issue of Outlook provides new information about the female condom as presented at the September 2005 Global Consultation on the Female Condom. Topics include evidence of the female condom's effectiveness for prevention of STIs and pregnancy, issues related to expanding access and use, and gaps in the knowledge base. Successful program examples and a detailed table of female condoms currently available or under development are also presented.

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: An Analysis of Current Abandonment Approaches

This report explores female genital mutilation (FGM) practices, evaluates approaches to abandoning the practice, describes the roles of various stakeholders in the abandonment process, and shares lessons learned from FGM abandonment programs.

Field Evaluation of the Acceptability and Feasibility of Syringe Melters in Indonesia

In 2006, PATH conducted a field evaluation of three syringe melters temporarily placed in five health centers in Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The evaluation assessed the performance of the devices, acceptability by health workers, fit into the existing waste-management system, and potential design modifications. The evaluation demonstrated that, while feasible, the introduction of syringe melting into an existing health care waste management system may require significant shifts in waste-management practices. 

Fighting Malaria Today and Tomorrow

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in malaria control and prevention, including our work under the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI).

Final Report: Cold Chain Workshop

This document provides a final report, including summary and recommendations, on a regional workshop to discuss cold chain management issues, particularly regarding their impact on vaccine availability and effectiveness. The workshop was organized by PATH and UNICEF's Regional Office for Latin America & the Caribbean; it was held May 31 through June 2, 2006, in Panama City.

Final Report: Evaluation of Three Reuse-Prevention Feature Reconstitution Syringes in Three Districts of Indonesia

In 2007, UNICEF asked PATH to conduct a field evaluation of three World Health Organization prequalified reuse-prevention feature syringes used for vaccine reconstitution during a measles campaign on Lombok, Indonesia. The evaluation sought to identify the training and introduction requirements of these syringes and establish an understanding of their acceptability, performance, and safety during field use.

Findings From Investigation of User Experience With Household Water Treatment and Storage Products in Andhra Pradesh, India

This is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project. The briefs are available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

The First 55 Steps: Report of the Microbicide Development Strategy’s Civil Society Working Group

This report provides an overview of the status of civil-society engagement in each phase of microbicide research, development, and introduction and identifies the resources and specific action steps needed to move from the current level of engagement to where we need to be. .

Formative Household Research in Andhra Pradesh

This document is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project. The project briefs are available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

Fortified Rice for the Midday Meal: A Case Study of Ultra Rice in a Naandi Kitchen in Andhra Pradesh

This case study highlights PATH's work with the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition and the Naandi Foundation to introduce iron-fortified Ultra Rice into the Government of India's midday meal program in Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The pilot project provides iron-fortified lunches each day to 61,000 school-aged children.

Fragile Lives - Immunization at Risk

Framework for Conducting a Self-Assessment of National Progress in Injection Waste Management, Version 1

This tool was developed to provide a simple, efficient framework for conducting a self-assessment of health care waste-management (HCWM) planning at the national level. By collecting data on key achievements, knowledge, and practices at the district and national levels, the framework allows programs to quickly aggregate data, highlight trends, and identify gaps. A national-level workshop then provides the opportunity to outline next steps for moving the revised HCWM planning agenda forward.

Funding Innovation: PATH’s Use of Flexible Funding in 2007

This report shares highlights of PATH's use of flexible funding in 2007.

Games for Adolescent Reproductive Health: An International Handbook

GC News

The Global Campaign for Microbicides helps advocates worldwide stay up to date on the latest microbicide news with their monthly electronic newsletter, GC News. GC News is a forum for international exchange on microbicide activities and information, with the aim of building a more informed and integrated movement for microbicide development and other options for prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.

Gender Inequities and Women's Health (Outlook, vol. 16, no. 4)

Gentamicin in Uniject

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the gentamicin in Uniject project at PATH.

Giving Safe Injections: Introducing Auto-Disable Syringes: Training Manual

Giving Safe Injections: Using Auto-Disable Syringes for Immunization

Global Access to Lifesaving Vaccines

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in vaccines and immunization.

Global Campaign for Microbicides Website

Launched in 2004, this website provides information about microbicides and the work of the Global Campaign for Microbicides to accelerate access to new HIV-prevention options. Many materials are available on the website in English, French, Spanish, and Russian.

Global Health Technologies Coalition Website

The Global Health Technologies Coalition's website offers information and resources on research and development for new global health tools. It also serves as a clearinghouse of information about coalition activities and global health research and development.

Global Inventory of Neonatal Resuscitators

The purpose of this global inventory is to provide manufacturer and product information on all neonatal/infant manual resuscitators available worldwide. This inventory includes information on two types of resuscitators: bag and mask, and tube and mask.

Global Resources for Health Care Waste Management (HCWM)

This table was developed under the Making Medical Injections Safer project, which PATH partners on in the areas of health care waste management (HCWM) and procurement technical assistance. The table provides brief summaries and contact information on many of the organizations that are actively engaged in HCWM throughout the developing world. It is intended to be a resource for country programs and governments seeking funding to support HCWM activities at the country level.

Global Survey on Management of the Third Stage of Labor Reports

These studies aim to provide ministries of health and their partners with data about the actual practice of active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL), including policy, provider support, and supplies and logistics, along with the descriptive information necessary to assess AMTSL practices and identify barriers to its use in their country.

The Growing Chronic Disease Burden: Implications for Reproductive Health (Outlook, vol. 26, no. 1)

This issue of Outlook discusses the emerging chronic disease burden in developing countries with a focus on cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and the risk factor of obesity. The newsletter addresses relationships between chronic diseases and reproductive health, such as hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy, and contraceptive choice for women with cardiovascular conditions and risk factors.

A Guide to Developing Materials on HIV/AIDS and STIs

The focus of this guide is on developing educational materials for use in programs to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. The primary audience comprises public and private agencies and individuals working in STI and HIV prevention education in Eurasian countries. The recommended methodologies described in this guide are applicable to print materials as well as audiovisual or mass media materials for almost any population group. The Russian version edition was adapted from several previous publications, namely, the Immunization and Child Health Materials Development Guide (PATH, 2001) and Developing Materials on HIV/AIDS and STIs for Low-Literate Audiences (FHI/PATH, 2002).

A Guide to Participatory Monitoring of Behavior Change Communication for HIV/AIDS: Getting the Community and Program Staff Involved in Assessing and Improving Programs

This guide was designed to help managers and behavior change communication specialists support program staff, particularly those in the field, by providing a step-by-step process for how to develop a monitoring system that is responsive to the needs of local partners, program staff, and managers.

Guidelines for Implementing a National Procurement Policy to Integrate Safe-Injection Equipment

This document identifies key steps and information relevant to the development and implementation of a national procurement policy on safe-injection equipment. The intention is to increase patient and health worker safety, and especially to avoid medical transmission of bloodborne infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

Guidelines for Implementing Supportive Supervision: A Step-by-Step Guide with Tools to Support Immunization

Guiding Principles for Managing Medical Waste

This document provides a brief overview of key considerations for developing a medical waste-management plan at the facility, district, and national levels.

Has Your Vaccine Been Damaged by Freezing? Shake Test Instructions

Poster describing how to conduct the shake test to determine whether a vaccine has been frozen. This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Has Your Vaccine Been Damaged by Freezing? Shake Test Instructions for Uniject

Poster describing how to conduct the shake test to determine whether a vaccine in Uniject has been frozen. This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Health and Hope for People in Need

This brochure provides a general overview of PATH's approach and focus areas. It is designed for distribution to general audiences.

Health Care Waste Management: Sharing the Responsibility

PATH and John Snow, Inc., developed these brief talking points on health care waste management to support advocacy efforts in order to raise awareness about why health care waste management is important and how programs can improve current practices.

A HealthTech Historical Profile: HIV Dipstick

Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of the HIV dipstick.

A HealthTech Historical Profile: Lateral-Flow, Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Disease

Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of point-of-care diagnostic tests.

A HealthTech Historical Profile: Technologies for Injection Safety

This document provides an historical overview of PATH's work on technologies for injection safety.

A HealthTech Historical Profile: The Uniject Device

Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of the Uniject device.

A HealthTech Historical Profile: Vaccine Vial Monitors

Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of vaccine vial monitors.

A HealthTech Reference List: Key References and Resources for the Introduction of Oxytocin in the Uniject™ Device

This compilation contains key references and resources to aid program planners in the introduction of oxytocin in the Uniject™ prefilled injection device.

Healthy Mothers and HIV-Free Babies: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province

This document describes the work of the Khusela project, which focuses on integrating services for family planning, reproductive health, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Healthy Mothers, Healthy Children

This fact sheet describes PATH’s work in maternal and child health.

A Healthy Start for a Healthy Life - Overview

Overview of the ASUH (Healthy Start for a Healthy Life) program in Indonesia.

A Heat-Stable Hepatitis B Vaccine Formulation

This article, published in Human Vaccines (Human Vaccines 5:8, 1-7; August 2009), details a collaborative effort between PATH, Arecor, and the University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy that has resulted in a new formulation for recombinant hepatitis B vaccine that demonstrates improved stability at elevated temperatures. The formulation exhibited 9-week stability at 55°C and was also shown to be stable at both 37°C and 45°C for at least six months. This new vaccine formulation has the potential to be stored at room temperature for part of its shelf life and will help ensure the potency of the vaccine in areas where the cold chain is insufficient.

Helping Babies Grow up Healthy and Strong (Lesotho)

This two-page success story profiles a volunteer health worker who learned about the benefits of good breastfeeding practices during an Infant and Young Child Nutrition Project training workshop in rural Lesotho. The story highlights the project’s work to improve nutrition for infants and young children in developing countries by training community volunteers who counsel mothers on optimal nutrition practices.

Helping PEPFAR Partners Manage Health Care Waste: Practical Approaches and Lessons Learned From Uganda and Nigeria

Under the Making Medical Injections Safer project, PATH has supported ministries of health and environment to develop the systems needed for effective health care waste management. This paper describes the process, tools, and strategies used to successfully engage PEPFAR partners in Uganda and Nigeria to improve health care waste management.

Helping Young People Become Youth Advocates for Immunization

Hepatitis B IC Strip Test

Hepatitis B Vaccine Introduction: Lessons Learned in Advocacy, Communication and Training

Highlights of 25 Years of Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health Programming

This publication is a "look back" at highlights of some of PATH's work in youth sexual and reproductive health over the last 20+ years, and also a "look forward," outlining its vision for the future.

A History of Vaccines

This fact sheet on the history of vaccines gives a brief overview of disease rates before and after the development of vaccines.

HIV Dipstick

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the HIV dipstick project at PATH.

HIV Eradication: Is it Feasible?

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. This paper explores the scientific feasibility of finding a cure for HIV/AIDS, and charts opportunities for areas where scientific progress is both possible and likely.

HIV Prevention on the Roads of East Africa

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes an innovative campaign to catch the attention of truck drivers on East African highways and get them thinking about ways to avoid AIDS.

HIV-SRH Convergence: Policy and Practice Update 2

This document is the second in a series of periodic policy and practice updates about work undertaken by PATH on the convergence of HIV services and sexual and reproductive health services in India.

HIV-SRH Convergence: Policy and Practice Update 3

This newsletter provides an overview of programs within and outside of India that are converging or integrating sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV/AIDS services. It also shares some of the successes, challenges, and best practices emerging from these programs. It is available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

HIV-SRH Convergence: Policy and Practice Update 4

This policy and practice update provides an overview of the demonstration project implemented by PATH and partners in the Patna and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar and in the Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh. In this issue, we describe the project and field activities and share some selected findings from our interactions with communities and health care providers.

HIV/AIDS Technologies: A Review of Progress to Date and Current Prospects

This paper was commissioned as an introductory landscape analysis for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. The paper builds on other recent landscape analysis work in the fields of HIV prevention technologies, therapeutics, and diagnostics and is intended to serve as a resource on the current status of research and development for biomedical and other technological interventions to prevent, treat, and diagnose HIV/AIDS.

Hormonal Contraception and Breast Cancer: Convincing New Conclusions (Outlook, vol. 15, no. 1)

Hormonal Contraception and HIV: New Findings, but Policies Remain Unchanged (Outlook, vol. 22, no. 1)

This issue of Outlook describes the latest research findings regarding whether there is a relationship between hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition, transmission, or progression. It also explores the effects of hormonal contraception on women living with HIV/AIDS and discusses how reproductive health programs can respond to emerging information.

Hormonal Contraception, IUDS, and HIV Risk (Outlook, vol. 17, no. 1)

How Can We Prevent Cervical Cancer? A Guide for Community Facilitators

The community facilitator's guide, How Can We Prevent Cervical Cancer? was developed for use by community promotion teams as part of a cervical cancer prevention program in San Mart

HPV and Cervical Cancer: Unique Challenges and Opportunities for Disease Prevention

HPV and cervical cancer

HPV DNA Testing: Technical and Programmatic Issues for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low-resource Settings

HPV Testing: Promise and Challenges

HPV Vaccine Adoption in Developing Countries: Cost and Financing Issues

Financing the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and mobilizing resources to support new delivery mechanisms will constitute some of the most significant challenges to achieving widespread HPV vaccination in the developing world. Country decision-makers will need to weigh the value of HPV vaccines against other national health priorities, against other vaccines entering the market, and, for some countries, against expanding coverage of existing vaccines. With these cost and financing obstacles resolved, developing countries would be able to build robust programs to immunize adolescents and thus dramatically reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.

HPVflash

HPVflash is an email news bulletin that disseminates useful cervical cancer prevention information, including updates on vaccines against the human papillomavirus, to interested persons worldwide. HPVflash emails are emailed only a few times a year.

I Want Something Different for My Daughter

This brochure is intended for mothers involved in the Entre Amigas project. Entre Amigas works with girls 10 to 14 years old, to help promote responsibility for their own lives (particularly in the areas of sexuality and reproduction) and foster a suitably enabling environment.

I Want Something Different for My Daughter (brochure)

This is a trifold brochure for the Entre Amigas project, which works with girls 10 to 14 years old. Entre Amigas helps them take on responsibility for their own lives (particularly in the areas of sexuality and reproduction) and fosters a suitably enabling environment.

Immunization and Child Health Materials Development Guide

Immunizing Children Against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib): A Training Module for Vaccinators.

This document can be adapted for specific national programs. In addition to key technical content--including sections on using monovalent, quadrivalent, or pentavalent Hib vaccine formulations--it features quizzes, role plays and creative ideas for trainers. One of the appendices is a handout for parents.

Immunizing Children Against Hepatitis B: A Training Module for Doctors, Nurses, and Other Immunization Providers

Immunizing Children Against Japanese Encephalitis Using Inactivated, Mouse-brain Derived Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: A Training Module for Vaccinators

Immunizing Children against Japanese Encephalitis Using SA 14-14-2 JE Vaccine

Impact of a Comprehensive Youth Reproductive Health Intervention Among Vocational Students in Shanghai

These documents report on a study to evaluate the impact of life-planning skills training, peer education, and youth-friendly services on the sexual and reproductive health knowledge and attitudes of vocational school students in China. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Impact of an Improved Policy Environment on Youth Reproductive Health Programming in Shanghai

This document summarizes the results of a study conducted to assess the impact of the China Youth Reproductive Health (YRH) Project on the adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) policy environment in Shanghai, China and examines how ASRH policies affect YRH. Of special interest were the processes governing policy-making and implementation, the challenges that arose during project implementation and the changes that were necessary to address these challenges in Shanghai

Improving Abortion Care in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam

This report documents a review of the Abortion Care Project, administered by PATH under a grant from the Hewlett Foundation. The project goals were to reduce abortion related infection and complications by improving the quality of health care facilities and community-based postabortion services; sustain behavior change among community members in seeking treatment of postabortion complications and preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV; establish linkages and referrals on abortion-related complications, STIs, and HIV between district health services and provincial institutions and other community health facilities.

Improving Adolescent Reproductive Health

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work on the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP), a multi-sectoral approach to addressing adolescent reproductive health and HIV prevention in two districts in Western Province.

Improving Child Health and HIV-Free Survival: A Review of Current Research on Risks and Benefits of Infant Feeding Options for HIV-Positive Moms

This is a handout of a poster presented at the International AIDS Conference in Vienna, Austria, in July 2010. The document presents evidence concerning the effect of breastfeeding avoidance and early cessation on child mortality and HIV-free survival in developing countries.

Improving Condom Utilization Among Young People in Ukraine

Ukraine project descriptions

Improving Delivery of Nevirapine for Infants

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work to improve single-dose packaging of nevirapine for programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Improving Global Health Through Technology Solutions

Improving Health for Families Everywhere: PATH Reaches Mothers, Children, and Communities With Key Innovations for Strong Futures

PATH has worked to improve maternal and child health, nutrition, and family planning in developing countries for more than 30 years. This brochure describes our integrated approach to reach mothers, children, and communities with key innovations for strong futures.

Improving Immunization Through Supportive Supervision

This fact sheet describes PATH's training of 70 immunization program supervisors in Vietnam's Ha Tinh Province to use supportive supervision methods, leading to immediate and significant improvements in performance.

Improving Infant Feeding to Protect Babies From HIV (Zambia)

This success story profiles Patricia Nawa, an HIV-positive mother from Zambia, who used good infant feeding practices to help protect her baby from HIV.

Improving Interactions with Clients: A Key to High-Quality Services (Outlook, vol. 17, no. 2)

Improving Maternal and Child Health

This is a two-page fact sheet on PATH's maternal and child health activities.

Improving Maternal and Child Health in South Africa: PATH's Project Portfolio Addresses the Intersection of HIV and Vulnerable Mothers and Children

This brief provides a description of PATH's work in South Africa. Projects focus on advancing health technologies for mothers and children, preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV, caring for caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children, advocating for sound microbicides research in Africa, supporting midwives who work on HIV and AIDS, and strengthening tuberculosis infection prevention and control.

Improving Nutrition for Mothers and Children

This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the Infant & Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project.

Improving Screening Coverage Rates of Cervical Cancer Prevention Programs: A Focus on Communities

This paper describes the community focus taken by ACCP projects from 1999 to 2004 in eight countries: El Salvador, India, South Africa, Thailand, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, and Bolivia. We include an overview of the various community involvement strategies that were used to increase screening coverage, and we present lessons learned about how to meet women

Improving the Affordability of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines (IPV) for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Analysis of Strategies to Reduce the Cost of Routine IPV Immunization

This report presents results from an economic model that calculates the costs involved in delivering IPV vaccine in Indian immunization clinics according to three strategies: (1) intradermal delivery of reduced volumes of vaccine per dose, (2) use of adjuvants to allow a reduced IPV antigen content per dose, and (3) reduction of the number of doses per IPV immunization schedule. The strategies include delivery by standard technique and with alternative delivery devices.

In Women’s Hands: A Film on Women, HIV, and Hope

Filmed in several locations across the world, this short documentary is an tool for organizing and creating awareness around the increasing rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among women and the importance of advocacy for microbicides. The personal stories portrayed in In Women’s Hands speak to the need for microbicides and the importance for leadership on this issue.

The Incinerator Guidebook: A Practical Guide for Selecting, Purchasing, Installing, Operating, and Maintaining Small-Scale Incinerators in Low-Resource Settings

This guidebook captures lessons learned by PATH over the course of the Making Medical Injections Safer project, in both Centers for Disease Control and USAID countries, on selecting, procuring, and installing a small-scale incinerator for health care waste management.

Incinerator Maintenance Checklist

This job aid was developed to support training of small-scale incinerator operators and provides key message about how to perform regular maintenance. Regular maintenance is critical to ensuring the incinerator functions optimally for the projected life of the unit.

Incinerator Operator Guidelines

This job aid was developed to support training of small-scale incinerator operators and summarizes safe and effective operation. Key steps are outlined, including preheating and optimal loading instructions. By following these steps, incinerator operators can help ensure the unit operates optimally, reaching desired temperatures and ensuring waste is safely treated.

Increased Access to Diagnostic Tests for HIV Case Management

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. In line with thinking about the future development of new tools for diagnosis of HIV infection, this paper presents an analysis of issues related to diagnostic tests for HIV case management and explores four possible scenarios in which these tests could be performed.

Increasing Access to Reproductive Health Services Through Pharmacists (Outlook, vol 21, no. 2)

This issue of Outlook looks at the role pharmacists and pharmacy staff play in providing health care services, particularly those related to reproductive health. The issue addresses a number of important topics related to this theme, including accessibility, pharmacists as primary health care providers, reproductive health needs, health care referrals, social marketing, training, building pharmacist capacity through innovative programs, pharmacists and youth, pharmacists and EC, and critical considerations.

Increasing Hepatitis B Vaccine Coverage Rates by Implementing an Out-of-the-Cold-Chain Strategy

In areas such as Southeast Asia with a high incidence of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B, WHO recommends a birth dose of the vaccine for all children. Hepatitis B vaccine is typically kept refrigerated, within the cold chain. This fact sheet reports on an effort by PATH and Vietnam's National Expanded Program on Immunization to increase coverage rates for the vaccine in Thanh Hoa Province through a new strategy?storing the vaccine outside of the cold chain and using vaccine vial monitors to confirm that the vaccine continued to confer effective protection.

Increasing Vaccine Supply to Protect Against Influenza

This fact sheet describes a project that PATH is implementing in collaboration with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority within the US Department of Health and Human Services. The project is supporting the enhancement of sustainable influenza vaccine production in Vietnam. PATH is collaborating with various groups in Vietnam to facilitate the production and clinical evaluation of safe and effective influenza vaccines and synergizing activities with work already under way in Vietnam through the World Health Organization.

Increasing Women's Access to and Use of HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention Interventions in Ukraine

In this publication you will find a fact sheet that describes the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Project in Ukraine.

Indian Regulatory Systems for Product Approval

Available on CD-ROM, this interactive tool addresses the Indian regulatory systems for product approval in the areas of drugs, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics, and biofortified foods. It compares the Indian and US Food and Drugs approval processes; lists key institutions and individuals in India involved in regulatory approvals; lists organizations, committees, and groups that are part of the regulatory system; and provides a database of referenced extracts of key legislations, forms, and templates. This interactive tool allows users to build and analyze various scenarios of product approval applications. Easy-to-navigate and hyperlinked flowcharts provide indicative timelines for approvals, so users can map the various stages in the approval process.

Indonesia's Healthy Start Program

Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project Website

The Infant & Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project website offers helpful nutrition information and resources for global health professionals. It provides training tools, publications, and other resources on maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, infant feeding within the context of HIV, and infant feeding during and after illness. The website also features the latest news and highlights from the IYCN Project.

Infectious Disease Surveillance and Management Information Systems Strengthening

Ukraine project descriptions

Infertility in Developing Countries (Outlook, vol. 15, no. 3)

Influenza Vaccine Strategies for Broad Global Access

Influenza viruses present one of the major infectious disease threats to the human population, with the recently emerging, highly pathogenic avian influenza strain, H5N1, causing particular concern. A virulent influenza pandemic has the potential to kill more than 100 million people worldwide. This paper analyzes the current supply of influenza vaccines, the predicted demand for influenza vaccines in case of a pandemic, and new vaccine technologies that could provide for the world’s demand in a pandemic situation.

Information, Education, and Communication Materials and Caring for People Living with HIV/AIDS

This document reports on a qualitative assessment of the information, education, and communication (IEC) materials that are available on the subject of care and support of PLWHA in Vietnam. The assessment included a review of existing home-based care-giving activities and the roles that professional and nonprofessional caregivers (e.g., family members) play in addressing the day-to-day needs of PLWHA. This report provides detailed information about existing government and international responses to this problem, shares the responses of PLWHA to questions about a range of related issues, and comments in detail on the IEC resources that exist to support care for PLWHA.

Injectable Contraceptives in Uniject

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on Uniject for use with injectable contraceptives.

Innovation in Action: Policies to Accelerate Development and Delivery of Global Health Tools

This report, the first annual policy report of the Global Health Technologies Coalition, makes recommendations for Congress and the Obama Administration to ensure that the United States maximizes its investment in global health and continues as a leader in global health research and development. The report makes recommendations in three areas: public financing, regulatory pathways, and incentives and innovative financing. It is available in full or summary format.

Innovation in Biochemical Cervical Cancer Screening

This fact sheet gives an update regarding the two START project biochemical tests being developed to advance cervical cancer screening.

Innovations for Maternal and Newborn Health: PATH's Maternal and Child Health Technology Initiative Works to Reduce Mortality in South Africa's KwaZulu Natal Province

This document describes PATH's Maternal and Child Health Technology Initiative and its work to reduce maternal mortality in South Africa's KwaZulu Natal Province.

Innovations in Cervical Cancer Screening

This fact sheet summarizes the work being done by PATH to develop two new tests to detect infection with cancer-causing human papillomavirus. Designed by the private sector—in partnership with PATH—for use in low-resource settings, these molecular and biochemical screening tools are an innovative answer to the challenge of preventing cervical cancer in the developing world.

Innovative Solutions Saving Mothers’ Lives

This fact sheet provides information about the use of the hormone oxytocin in the Uniject device to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. It summarizes the benefits of using this innovative solution and also provides a success story based on a pilot study conducted in Mali.

Instructions for Health Workers: Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch

This illustrated job aid provides a quick reference for providers using the nevirapine infant-dose pouch in programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT).

Integrating Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Programming Into Vocational Education and Training in Zanzibar: AYA's Advocacy for Policy Formation and Support for Pilot Implementation

This case study describes PATH's work in Zanzibar with the African Youth Alliance (AYA). AYA played a crucial role in ensuring that adolescent sexual and reproductive health concerns be included in the government?s national vocational education and training (VET) policy. AYA staff members also provided ongoing technical and financial support to the country?s government, nongovernmental organizations, and its private sector facilitating the pilot integration of a Life Planning Skills curriculum into VET centres. In doing so, AYA staff built local capacity and set the stage for scaling-up and institutionalizing youth-focused policy implementation, to ultimately ensure a broad, positive, and sustainable impact on the lives of Zanzibari youth.

Integrating TB and HIV

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work to strengthen and integrate HIV and tuberculosis services.

Integrating Tuberculosis and HIV Services in Tanzania

This case profile highlights a project in Tanzania as an example of PATH's efforts to deliver critical services while strengthening health systems. Key issues related to the delivery of integrated TB–HIV services in low-resource settings are summarized along with PATH’s efforts to deliver innovative service models, address human resource constraints, and improve management of these diseases in the region.

Integration of Sexual and Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS Services

This fact sheet provides an overview of sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS service integration and PATH’s experience in this area.

InterCambios Website

Launched in 2007, this website provides information, news, and resources to help health sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean respond to gender-based violence.

Interpersonal Communication and Counseling for Clients on Tuberculosis and HIV and AIDS

This training curriculum for tuberculosis (TB) health care workers introduces principles of interpersonal communication and counseling of clients on TB and HIV and provides practical experience in TB and HIV counseling skills in a three-day workshop. The training package also includes PowerPoint presentations on parts 1, 2, and 4 for the trainers; and handouts for the participants.

Intradermal Adapter

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on an intradermal adapter, which makes it easier to administer intradermal injections.

Intradermal Delivery of Vaccines: A Review of the Literature and the Potential for Development for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

The purpose of this report is (1) to summarize the clinical evidence supporting the intradermal route for vaccine administration and the devices being developed for this purpose; (2) to determine whether intradermal delivery broadly holds promise for vaccine applications for low- and middle-income countries in the future; and (3) to begin to prioritize vaccine targets and device strategies that best fit the public health needs in these countries and likely merit further investigation. The document is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Introducing HPV Vaccines in Developing Countries: Overcoming the Challenges

This fact sheet focuses on the challenges of introducing HPV vaccines into developing countries.

Introducing Oxytocin in the Uniject™ Device: An Overview for Decision-Makers

This overview has been developed for program planners considering introduction and/or expansion of the use of oxytocin, and in particular oxytocin packaged in the Uniject™ device, to reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage as a component of their maternal and child health programming. Administering oxytocin is just one component of active management of third stage labor.

Introducing TT Uniject in Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination

This document provides materials to assist health workers and program managers in the introduction, training, and proper use of TT-Uniject.

Introduction of Fortified Rice Using the Ultra Rice® Technology: Frequently Asked Technical Questions

This document provides important details on technical aspects of the Ultra Rice® technology.

Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine with Support from the GAVI Alliance: Information to Assist the National Decision-Making and Application Process

This guide summarizes considerations for rotavirus vaccine introduction in Eastern European countries eligible for support from the GAVI Alliance.

Investing in Vaccines for the Developing World

This fact sheet on investing in vaccines for the developing world details the cost of developing and distributing vaccines, and it outlines the innovative funding solutions designed to address these issues.

Investing in Youth as Project and Community Leaders to Improve Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: AYA and Ghetto Artists Productions of Francistown, Botswana

This case study describes the African Youth Alliance's support of Botswana's Ghetto Artists Productions (GAP). In 2001, program staff selected GAP as a member of the partnership; and after project design and budget negotiations, GAP began work to reach young people in and around Francistown.GAP has contributed to positive behavior change among young people in the Francistown area and has had a larger impact in the community, proving to political leaders, religious leaders, headmasters, teachers, and parents that young people can play a significant leadership role in positive community change, and that their contribution is key to improving sexual and reproductive health, including the fight against HIV/AIDS.

Involving Men in Reproductive Health (Outlook, vol. 14, no. 3)

Iron-Fortified Rice Is As Efficacious As Supplemental Iron Drops in Infants and Young Children

Improving iron status among infants and young children is of continued concern in low- to middle-income countries. This article, published in The Journal of Nutrition, reports on a double-blind, randomized trial among mildly anemic children in Brazil that compared use of rice fortified with micronized ferric pyrophosphate using the Ultra Rice technology with identical nonfortified rice. The study found that, in populations where young children are routinely fed approximately 100 grams of cooked rice daily, fortifying rice with iron may improve iron status at least as well as providing free iron drops.

IYCN Update

The IYCN Update is a periodic email newsletter from USAID’s Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) Project offering updates on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition for global health professionals. Distributed four times per year, each issue includes research highlights, new resources, and IYCN Project news.

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines at a Glance

This fact sheet provides a side-by-side comparison of internationally available vaccines against Japanese encephalitis, including information on dosage, cost, and supply.

JE Newsbriefs and JE Flash

JE Newsbriefs was the quarterly newsletter of PATH’s Japanese encephalitis (JE) project (2003–2009). It provided updates on PATH’s work to increase the availability in the developing world of a vaccine against JE—a mosquito-borne illness that can cause severe neurological disability or death. JE Flash served as a supplement between editions of the JE Newsbriefs quarterly newsletter, providing breaking news on JE disease and vaccines. Although PATH’s JE project has closed out activities, these newsletter archives contain helpful information about recent advances and organizations that continue to work toward JE control.

Just Had Sex? Afraid of Pregnancy?

This wallet-sized brochure provides basic information about emergency contraception for women and men. The online versions are intended to be printed out double-sided, trimmed, and folded. Packets of 100 copies of the printed editions also may be purchased from this website by using the "Order form for PATH's emergency contraception materials."

Kenya Infant Feeding Assessment: Eastern and Western Provinces

This report describes a 2008 study conducted in Kenya's Eastern and Western Provinces. The study assessed the experiences of HIV-infected mothers and their infants during the time they were stopping breastfeeding.

Key Facts about Emergency Contraception

This one-page flyer provides clear and essential information about emergency contraception. The document can be downloaded in the languages below. Packets of 100 copies also may be purchased from this website by using the "Order form for PATH's emergency contraception materials."

Key Facts About Rotavirus Disease and Vaccines

Key Steps for Meeting Women's Needs

This fact sheet describes issues relating to women's cultural, emotional, and practical needs pertaining to cervical cancer prevention.

Key Steps in Sharps Waste Disposal

This training aid was developed as part of Training Health Workers in the Management of Sharps Waste. The aid includes a graphical representation of the key steps involved in the safe management of health care waste: segregation, containment, handling and storage, transport, treatment or destruction, and disposal.

Kill or Cure? Cervical Cancer

This short film shows how simple screening tests and community mobilization are saving lives across India. And how Costa Rican scientists - and young female volunteers - are helping us understand the exciting potential of a new HPV vaccine.

Kill or Cure? Japanese encephalitis

The film provides a glimpse of the serious Japanese encephalitis outbreak in India in 2005, along with innovative diagnostic work in Malaysia, and it explains why vaccination is the only effective way to control the disease.

Kill or Cure? Meningitis

Filmed during the 2007 epidemic in Burkina Faso, the documentary offers a poignant and revealing account of the devastating impact meningitis epidemics have on individuals and communities. The film also takes viewers to Mali, where the Meningitis Vaccine Project (a collaboration between PATH and the World Health Organization) and the Serum Institute of India Limited are testing a new vaccine that offers hope for eliminating epidemics as a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa.

Kill or Cure? The Real Lady Killer

This 25-minute film in the BBC World’s "Kill or Cure?" series uncovers the challenges of preventing and treating cervical cancer in Africa and highlights exciting new opportunities for dramatically reducing the toll of disease. The BBC crew follows Sarah Nyombi—Ugandan member of parliament, trained midwife, and women's health advocate—as she explores the landscape of cervical cancer.

Lab-on-a-Card Assay for Enteric Pathogens

We describe the functional elements of a diagnostic instrument and disposable enteric card system under development that rapidly identifies and differentiates Shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella in stool samples. These elements, currently realized as microfluidic subcircuits on individual cards, are: (1) pathogen capture and lysing, (2) nucleic acid capture, (3) on-chip rapid PCR, and (4) lateral flow detection of amplicons. Presented at the Solid State Sensor, Actuator and Microsystems Workshop, June 4, 2006; Hilton Head Island, SC.

Landscape Analysis: Analysis of EVSM Indicators

The Effective Vaccine Stores Management (EVSM) assessment tool was created to help countries and agencies evaluate critical components of the country’s primary vaccine store. To date, 57 countries have completed the EVSM assessment. This report evaluates 42 EVSM assessment spreadsheets.

Landscape Analysis: Cool Chain Technologies

Technologies related to the temperature control of vaccines during the distribution process are essential to the cool chain. This report provides a landscape analysis of these technologies and their appropriateness for use with vaccines in the developing world.

Landscape Analysis: Trends in Vaccine Availability and Novel Vaccine Delivery Technologies: 2008–2025

This landscape analysis identifies trends in the availability of vaccines and novel vaccine delivery technologies that are and will be of relevance to low- and middle-income countries from present through 2025. The document is available as one large file or as three smaller sections for easier downloading.

Landscape for Safe Injection, Phlebotomy, and Waste Management

This document provides guidelines for implementing a procurement policy for safe injection and brings together issues that countries should consider when developing and implementing the procurement aspect of a national injection safety policy. The document points out issues to consider in transitioning from policy to implementation, regulatory factors, public-sector considerations, and the need to sensitize private-sector manufacturers. It also includes a landscape of manufacturers of safe injection equipment.

Leading an Effective Response to HIV/AIDS

Learning Together: A Collaborative Approach to Rapid Scale-Up

This document provides an overview of the approach the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) takes to partnership.

Lessening the Burden of Disease

This fact sheet describes PATH’s work in emerging and epidemic diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS.

Let's Get Ready for Departure: Life-Planning Skills Training Among Migrant Youth From Peixian Couny, Jiangsu Province

This case study briefly documents the process of conducting a vocational school–based training course in life-planning skills for rural, young migrants from Peixian County, Jiangsu Province, China, and shares the lessons learned from this intervention as well as the possibility and necessity of expanding the program.

Life Planning Skills: A Curriculum for Young People in Africa, Botswana Version

This curriculum is designed to help youth in Botswana face the challenges of growing up. The set includes a facilitator’s manual and a workbook for participants. The curriculum provides activities that facilitators can use to help young people gain information about themselves and their sexuality (including preventing pregnancy and avoiding sexually transmitted infections and HIV); learn about preparing for the world of work; better understand their feelings about growing up, gender roles, risk taking, sexual behavior, and friendship; and practice making decisions, setting goals, communicating clearly, negotiating for their own health, and not giving into negative peer pressure. The facilitator's manual is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Life Planning Skills: A Curriculum for Young People in Africa, Ghana Version

This curriculum is designed to help youth in Ghana face the challenges of growing up. The set includes a facilitator’s manual and a workbook for participants. The curriculum provides activities that facilitators can use to help young people gain information about themselves and their sexuality (including preventing pregnancy and avoiding sexually transmitted infections and HIV); learn about preparing for the world of work; better understand their feelings about growing up, gender roles, risk taking, sexual behavior, and friendship; and practice making decisions, setting goals, communicating clearly, negotiating for their own health, and not giving into negative peer pressure. The facilitator's manual is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Life Planning Skills: A Curriculum for Young People in Africa, Tanzania Version

This curriculum is designed to help youth in Tanzania face the challenges of growing up. The set includes a facilitator’s manual and a workbook for participants. The curriculum provides activities that facilitators can use to help young people gain information about themselves and their sexuality (including preventing pregnancy and avoiding sexually transmitted infections and HIV); learn about preparing for the world of work; better understand their feelings about growing up, gender roles, risk taking, sexual behavior, and friendship; and practice making decisions, setting goals, communicating clearly, negotiating for their own health, and not giving into negative peer pressure. The facilitator's manual is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Life Planning Skills: A Curriculum for Young People in Africa, Uganda Version

This curriculum is designed to help youth in Uganda face the challenges of growing up. The set includes a facilitator’s manual and a workbook for participants. The curriculum provides activities that facilitators can use to help young people gain information about themselves and their sexuality (including preventing pregnancy and avoiding sexually transmitted infections and HIV); learn about preparing for the world of work; better understand their feelings about growing up, gender roles, risk taking, sexual behavior, and friendship; and practice making decisions, setting goals, communicating clearly, negotiating for their own health, and not giving into negative peer pressure. The facilitator's manual is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Life-Planning Skills Training: Experiences from a School-Based Program

Beijing was one of 14 China Youth Reproductive Health project sites. This case study describes the collaborative efforts of the Beijing Family Planning Association and the department of education in various schools. It also summarizes the lessons learned from the school-based training course in life-planning skills.

Lifesaving Vaccines on the Horizon

This fact sheet provides a graphical display of the vaccine development pipeline.

Lights of Hope: A National Communication Strategy for Fighting Tuberculosis in Kenya

This publication describes Lights of Hope, a stand-alone National Tuberculosis Communication Strategy for use in Kenya in the fight against tuberculosis (TB). It is based on a study of health-seeking behaviours among Kenyans, strategy design workshops with stakeholders, and meetings with frontline TB workers.It presents a strategy for reducing the impact of TB in Kenya through communication strategies aimed at behavior change.

Lives Renewed: The Emergence of a Breast Cancer Survivor Movement in Ukraine

Ukraine project descriptions

Long-Term Immunogenicity of Measles Vaccine After Coadministration With Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine

This document summarizes the results of a study among children in the Philippines who received both measles and Japanese encephalitis vaccines at nine months of age. Data for this follow-up study were collected one year post-vaccination.

LSA-1 Malaria Vaccine Manufacture and Early Clinical Trials

Lung Support for Newborns

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on low-cost respiratory support devices for newborns.

MACEPA Learning Community Website

Launched in 2007, this website is produced by the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA). It provides information on the "scale-up for impact" approach to malaria control and on the experiences of Learning Community countries applying the approach in their national malaria control programs.

MACEPA News

MACEPA News is a periodic update on activities of the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa, which works to rapidly scale up proven malaria control interventions to achieve impact on health and economic indicators. Distributed three times per year, the newsletter includes updates on emerging malaria control insights, as well as perspectives from Zambia and our regional and global partners.

Magnet Theater: Involving Audiences and Encouraging Change

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in community theater that entertains and educates, involving audience members in the action and encouraging sustained behavior change.

Maintaining a Needle Remover

In this document you will find a set of guidelines on how to correctly maintain a needle remover for extended use.

Making Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization (ACSM) Work for TB Control: A Facilitator's Guide to an ACSM Action Planning Workshop

This is the facilitator’s guide for the Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization (ACSM) action planning workshop. Its primary goal is to assist the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria recipient countries in developing ACSM strategic action plans to scale up, enhance, and integrate ACSM activities into ongoing tuberculosis control work.

Making Cervical Cancer Vaccines Widely Available in Developing Countries: Cost and Financing Issues

Financing the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and mobilizing resources to support new delivery mechanisms will constitute some of the most significant challenges to achieving widespread HPV vaccination in the developing world. This brief summarizes the main findings of the longer research publication, HPV Vaccine Adoption in Developing Countries: Cost and Financing Issues.

Making Marriage Safer

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work to bring awareness to the risks associated with early marriage, promote couples voluntary counseling and testing, and empower girls.

Making Progress Against HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis: PATH Combines Wide-Ranging Expertise With Effective Strategies to Meet Urgent Global Challenges

This brochure provides an overview of PATH's work to reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis around the world. It outlines PATH's overall approach, key strategies, and core competencies.

Malaria and the Military

Malaria Control in Zambia (MACEPA Perspectives 1)

Dr. Chilandu Mukuka, the deputy coordinator of the Zambia Ministry of Health's National Malaria Control Programme, reflects on the stresses inherent to rapidly making the range of malaria interventions available at the national level and the remarkable progress being made on malaria control in Zambia.

Malaria Control in Zambia: New Approaches and New Partners

MACEPA is infusing new commitment and leadership into the control of malaria, a deadly disease that takes the life of an African child every 30 seconds. MACEPA is partnering with the government of Zambia, the Zambia Roll Back Malaria Parternship, and many regional and global partners committed to accelerating the pace of malaria control in Africa. This eight-minute film, the first of a series, provides an overview of the innovative work in Zambia during its first project year to rapidly scale up efforts to control the disease, including the distribution of 525,000 insecticide-treated bednets.

Malaria Research & Development: An Assessment of Global Investment

This document presents the World Health Organization's analysis of policy-development processes for new interventions.

Malaria Vaccine Initiative Website

Launched in 2002, this website provides information on the Malaria Vaccine Initiative at PATH.

Malaria Vaccine Initiative: Accelerating the Development of Promising Malaria Vaccines

Malaria Vaccine Market Consultation

Malaria Vaccine Research and Development: The Case for Greater Resources

Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap

Scientists have been working for decades to develop a preventive malaria vaccine. While they have successfully demonstrated that such a vaccine is possible, many challenges continue to impede progress on the road to an effective malaria vaccine. As a result, the Malaria Vaccine Advisory Committee to the World Health Organization (WHO), coordinated by the WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, called for a collective effort to explore and address the challenges. This effort resulted in the Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap process.

Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap: Accelerating the Development of a Malaria Vaccine

Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence

This conference report provides information on program and policy implications for HIV prevention and reproductive health.

Managing Health Care Waste Disposal: Guidelines on How to Construct, Use, and Maintain a Waste Disposal Unit

This publication provides guidelines on how to construct, use, and maintain a waste disposal unit.

Managing Health Care Waste Disposal: Operator's Manual

In this document you will find an operator's manual on how to use the waste disposal unit.

Managing Sharps Waste in Andhra Pradesh: Introduction and Scale-Up of a Sharps Waste Management Program.

This case study reports on the five-year collaboration between PATH and the Government of Andhra Pradesh, India, as we worked to find solutions for appropriate, legal, and effective solutions for disposing of immunization waste from Andhra Pradesh?s 1,400 primary health centers and 12,500 health subcenters.

Mapping the Standards of Care at Microbicide Clinical Trial Sites

In 2006, the Global Campaign for Microbicides embarked on an exercise to map the standards of care and prevention provided to participants in late-stage microbicide trials. The resulting report provides an independent assessment of the health care and prevention services provided to women in the trials (and to some extent, their partners, family, and surrounding community), explores the factors that inform care-related decisions at trial sites, and offers recommendations to strengthen the HIV prevention research field’s ability to respond to care-related challenges in the future.

Market Assessment of Household Water Treatment Products in Eight African Countries

PATH’s Safe Water Project is implementing an innovative project to enable commercial enterprises to produce, distribute, sell, and maintain effective household water treatment and storage products for low-income populations in multiple developing countries. This project brief summarizes the findings and implications of an initial market assessment conducted in 2009 across eight African countries. It is available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

Marketed Vaginal Products as Microbicides: A Strategy in India

This poster was presented by PATH's India Microbicide Project at the Microbicides 2004 Conference in London. It describes PATH's innovative approach to microbicide development, including (1) starting with products already marketed in India to determine whether any could be used to prevent HIV and/or common microbial infections, and (2) introducing a microbicide using an "escalating claim" strategy. (This project was active from February 2002 to June 2006.)

Maximizing the Benefits of Public-Private Partnerships

This document describes PATH's approach to maximizing the availability, accessibility, and affordability of global health technologies through private-sector collaboration. This approach is critical in enabling global access of the results of our private-sector partnerships. This edition is a condensed version of the 12-page document, Bringing New Health Technologies Within Reach for Everyone. It is supported by six case studies illustrating how PATH has applied this approach to a food-fortification technology, pneumococcal vaccines, human papillomavirus screening, Japanese encephalitis vaccines, malaria vaccines, and the Uniject® prefilled injection device.

MDR/XDR-TB Assessment and Monitoring Tool

This tool will assist countries and partners in conducting assessments of national tuberculosis (TB) programs to identify strengths and gaps related to preventing, diagnosing, and treating multidrug-resistant TB. It provides the starting point for planning for new activities to address drug-resistant TB. The tool is available in English, Russian, and Spanish as a Microsoft Word file (for users who wish to modify it for their specific purposes) and as a smaller Adobe PDF file. Development of the tool was funded by USAID.

Measles Vaccine Immunogenicity After Coadministration With Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Shows Equivalence to That of Measles Vaccine Given Alone

This study by PATH's Japanese encephalitis (JE) project evaluated whether measles vaccine and the live, attenuated JE vaccine can be safely co-administered with no effect on the immunogenicity of either.

Medabon for Medical Abortion: Resource Materials for Health Care Providers and Program Managers

Medical abortion—an approach that uses medication rather than surgical intervention to end a pregnancy—may be one way to help women get the safe services they need. Until recently, the two medications most widely approved for safe and effective medical abortion (mifepristone and misoprostol) were packaged and licensed separately. They are now licensed and packaged together as one product: Medabon®. This information package helps health care providers, program managers, policymakers, the media, and women understand the new product.

Medical abortion in Vietnam: a cost study

In Vietnam, abortion is widely available and used. This fact sheet describes a study conducted by PATH and the Vietnamese Ministry of Health to provide cost information to decision-makers looking to expand access to a choice of safe abortion methods, including medical abortion (using the drugs mifepristone and misoprostol).

Medical Waste Management for Primary Health Centers in Indonesia

In 2003 and 2004, PATH worked with the Indonesian Ministry of Health to build awareness and provide policy guidance to the country's decision-makers. This report describes the process and lessons learned implementing pilot waste-management systems in three districts of Yogyakarta province. The report was used to guide development of waste-management policy in Indonesia and could serve as a useful model for other countries.

Meeting Family Planning Needs

This fact sheet describes PATH's work to expand access to family planning products and services in low-resource settings.

Meeting the Global Need for Nutrients

This fact sheet provides an overview of PATH's work to improve nutrition around the world. This work includes developing tools to detect micronutrient deficiencies, expanding the use of micronutrient-fortified rice, and improving nutrition for infants and young children. The document highlights project successes in Uganda, Lesotho, and Colombia.

Meeting the Need: Strengthening Family Planning Programs

This report is designed as a general resource to help family planning program managers strengthen their programs and meet growing family planning needs. It offers a broad overview of key programmatic considerations, lists of practical specialized resources, and hands-on tools that are available online.

Meeting the Needs of People with Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV: Assessing TB-HIV Service Collaboration in Ukraine

This poster was prepared for the XVII International AIDS Conference in Mexico.

Meeting the Needs of Women, Men, and Their Communities: PATH's Approach to Reproductive Health

Meeting the Reproductive Health Needs of Refugees (Outlook, vol. 17, no. 4)

Meningitis Vaccine Project Website

Launched in 2004, this website provides information on meningitis and the work of PATH and WHO's Meningitis Vaccine Project to eliminate epidemic meningitis as a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa.

Messages From Key People in the Partnership Project Between the Government of Andhra Pradesh and PATH

Microbicide Delivery

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on microbicide delivery devices.

Misoprostol Literature Review

Misoprostol Use in Obstetrics and Gynecology (Outlook, vol. 21, no. 4)

This issue of Outlook provides evidence-based information on the emerging use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. It describes current research, regulatory issues, availability, and administration, as well as misoprostol's use during labor and delivery for labor induction and for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. It also describes its use in inducing or managing abortion, including for treatment of incomplete abortion, preabortion cervical ripening, and pregnancy termination. Finally, it outlines safety issues and implications for research and practice.

MVI Partnership with the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

MVP News Digest

MVP News Digest provides a quarterly update of activities at the Meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between the World Health Organization and PATH. The Meningitis Vaccine Project works to eliminate epidemic meningitis as a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa through the advancement of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine. The digest offers news on vaccine development, clinical and surveillance activities, epidemiologic research, and vaccine introduction.

Natural History of Cervical Cancer: Even Infrequent Screening of Older Women Saves Lives

Needle Remover Technical Overview

This document provides technical overview of the needle remover project at PATH and includes information such as links to related materials available on the PATH website.

Needs Assessment Report on Mobility and Cross-Border HIV/AIDS Transmission in Lang Son and Lao Cai, Vietnam

HIV/AIDS and its cross-border transmission in the Mekong region is a growing problem. In response to this problem, PATH, supported by the United States Department of State, implemented the project entitled "Catalyzing Cross-Border HIV/AIDS Prevention in the Southern China Border Region." The project aimed to attract the attention of different stakeholders on both sides of the border to develop The Action Plan to deal with this epidemic. There was a lack of clear understanding of local situations to develop a comprehensive action plan that was locally and culturally appropriate, feasible, and effective. Three cross-border sites, therefore, were selected to conduct the needs assessment: Vietnam, China, and Myanmar. This report presents the findings from Lao Cai and Lang Son provinces in Vietnam.

Needs of HIV-Positive Women in Ukraine

This poster presentation describes the research conducted using four focus group discussions to analyze information about the needs of HIV-positive pregnant women and mothers in Ukraine. The focus groups consisted of a total of 27 HIV-positive mothers who delivered babies in the previous two years in Sevastopol and Mykolayiv, Ukraine. This poster was presented at the XVI AIDS conference in Toronto, August 13-18, 2006.

Neonatal Resuscitator

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet descibes the neonatal resuscitator project funded by USAID under the HealthTech program at PATH.

Nepal Clean Home Delivery Kit: Evaluation of the Health Impact

New and Underused Reproductive Health Technologies

The Caucus on New and Underused Reproductive Health Technologies is a community of practice established under the auspices of the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition, for which PATH serves as Secretariat. Caucus members developed this series of peer-reviewed briefs on underused reproductive health technologies. Responsibility for the selection and contents of the briefs rests solely with the Caucus and does not imply endorsement of any single technology by the Coalition or its wider membership. For more information on the Caucus, please visit http://rhsupplies.org/index.php?id=894 or contact secretariat@rhsupplies.org.

New Approaches to Early Abortion (Outlook, vol. 16, no. 2)

"New Generation" Models for Asia's Youth: Strengthening Networks and Building Capacity

News From PATH

Every other month, PATH sends an email update on our programmatic activities. News From PATH lets colleagues know what we're working on, where we'll be presenting our work, and what new publications and tools are available.

Opportunities and Challenges of Developing Thermostable Vaccines

This article, published in Expert Reviews (Expert Rev. Vaccines 8(5), 547-557; May 2009), reviews approaches being used to develop thermostable vaccine formulations that are resistant to damage caused by freezing or excessive heat and could reduce dependence on the cold chain. The article discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of these novel formulations as well as the potential benefits of protecting vaccines from damage caused by breaks in the cold chain.

Optimal Settings for Needle Removers

This document reviews the site characteristics of both health facilities and injection settings in order to determine the optimal use of a needle-remover device.

Optimize Phase I Summary Report: Evaluating the Vaccine Supply Chain in Preparation for Demonstrating Future Options in Vietnam

Optimize is collaborating with the Vietnamese National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology on a series of activities designed to assess the opportunities and needs for strengthening the immunization system in Vietnam. This document reports the results of assessments of the vaccine supply chain in Vietnam, completed in March 2010.

Optimize Strategy: 2009-2012

This document provides a brief overview of the Optimize project’s strategy for developing delivery systems that are as advanced and innovative as the vaccines they support. Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH, has been given a unique mandate to think far into the future: to put technological and scientific advances to work, helping define the ideal characteristics and specifications for health products; and to create a vaccine supply chain that is flexible and robust enough to handle an increasingly large and costly portfolio of vaccines.

Optimize: Immunization Systems and Technologies for Tomorrow

Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH, has been given a unique mandate to think far into the future: to put technological and scientific advances to work, helping define the ideal characteristics and specifications for health products; and to create a vaccine supply chain that is flexible and robust enough to handle an increasingly large and costly portfolio of vaccines. This brochure provides an overview of Optimize's areas of focus and activities.

Optimizing Vaccine Supply Chains

This document describes the urgent need for vaccine supply chain reform, new ideas, and innovative technologies. It also demonstrates the increasing consequences of supply-chain failure in today's environment, as more vaccines are becoming available, new vaccines are costing more than traditional vaccines, and new vaccines are requiring more space than traditional vaccines.

Options and Challenges for Converging HIV and SRH Services in India: Findings from an Assessment in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh

This report shares findings from an assessment of how access to critical services for populations at risk of HIV and unintended pregnancy can be strengthened by converging HIV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services under the National Rural Health Mission and the National AIDS Control Programme in India. The report provides information on the demand for, opportunities for, and challenges of implementing HIV and SRH convergence in four Indian states—Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. The report is available as one large file or as two smaller sections for easier downloading.

Oral Rehydration Therapy/Oral Rehydration Solution

This fact sheet aims to raise awareness about oral rehydration therapy to rehydrate people—particularly infants and children—who have lost fluids because of diarrhea. One in a set of introductory resources, it provides stakeholders and policymakers in the world’s poorest countries with crucial information on a proven intervention in the fight against diarrheal disease.

Order form for PATH's emergency contraception materials

Use this form to purchase bulk quantities of the "Key Facts" and "Just Had Sex?" brochures about emergency contraception.

Out-of-cold-chain Delivery of the Hepatitis B Birth Dose in Four Districts of Vietnam

This document summarizes the results of a study of out-of-the-cold-chain approaches for improving on-time delivery of birth doses of the hepatitis B vaccine in four districts of Vietnam.

Outlook and RHO Report on Evaluation Activities in 2003

This document reports on 2003 Outlook and RHO reader evaluations, which included surveys, focus group discussions, and key-informant interviews. The report discusses evaluation methods and results, compares results to a 1997 Outlook reader survey and a 1999 RHO user survey, and outlines recommendations and outcomes. Appendices include a copy of the surveys and responses, key-informant questionnaire, focus group discussion guide, and sample pages of Outlook's design, pre- and post-evaluation.

Oxytocin in Uniject

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the oxytocin in Uniject project at PATH.

Packaging Solutions for Nevirapine

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's current project to improve packaging of nevirapine used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Palliative Care for Women with Cervical Cancer: A Field Manual

This manual was developed for health care providers such as community nurses and medical doctors who care for women who are dying of advanced cervical cancer. It offers recommendations for providing supportive care for women with the disease and provides practical advice on managing physical signs and symptoms, using modern medications to relieve pain, promoting good nutrition, and addressing social, emotional, and spiritual issues.

Palliative Care for Women With Cervical Cancer: A Kenya Field Manual

This field manual was developed for visiting nurses or health facility-based nurses and physicians in Kenya to use when caring for women with terminal cervical cancer. It focuses on understanding cervical cancer, relieving the physical problems associated with it, and addressing social, emotional, and spiritual issues faced by women with terminal disease and their families. It offers the reader simple, practical advice on the drugs and techniques that are effective in the management of the most common problems confronting women and their families.

Palliative Care: Supporting Women With Advanced Cancer

Pap Smears: An Important But Imperfect Screening Method

The Pap Test: Evidence to Date

The ACCP has developed a set of presentation materials to help cervical cancer prevention advocates make presentations to policymakers, donors, clinicians, program managers, community health workers and others who may be interested or actively involved in cervical cancer prevention. The presentations are available on the ACCP web site in both PowerPoint and as PDF files.

PATH and Tuberculosis Control

This four-page brochure describes PATH's work in tuberculosis, including our project portfolio, project locations, and key partners.

PATH Children's Vaccine Program - The Big Picture

This publication provides an overview of the PATH Children's Vaccine Program's achievements worldwide, with a special focus on China, India, and Indonesia.

PATH in China

This brochure describes PATH's China Country Program, its current project activities, and PATH's overall approach to our work in China.

PATH in India

PATH in India

This brochure describes PATH's country program in India.

PATH in Ukraine and the Region

Brochure of PATH's activities in the region.

PATH rising up to the malaria challenge

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in fighting malaria.

The PATH Rotavirus Vaccine Program: Equal Protection Against a Childhood Threat

This fact sheet provides an update on the activities of the PATH Rotavirus Vaccine Program, which aims to dramatically reduce the typical 10- to 15-year timeline between introduction of new vaccines in wealthy countries and their availability in the developing world. Activities include measuring disease burden, determining vaccine efficacy and safety in developing countries, communicating the value of rotavirus vaccines, and generating information on the health economics of rotavirus vaccination.

PATH Safe Water Program: An Overview of PATH’s Sanitation Efforts

This is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project.

PATH Tanzania TB/HIV Project

PATH's TB/HIV Project in Tanzania spearheads the scale-up of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV services in four different regions of the country. The project works in collaboration with the National TB and Leprosy Programme, the National AIDS Control Programme, the Association of Private Health Facilities in Tanzania, the US Agency for International Development, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other stakeholders. This article is a snapshot of PATH's TB/HIV work in Tanzania.

Path to Growth: A Life-Planning Skills Training Manual

This handbook is an English translation of the Chinese manual created for the China Youth Reproductive Health Project. It includes modules for facilitators to conduct life-planning skills training for young people.

PATH Today (Fall 1997)

PATH Today (Fall 1998)

PATH Today (Fall 1999)

PATH Today (Fall 2000)

PATH Today (Fall 2001)

PATH Today (Fall 2002)

PATH Today (Fall 2003)

PATH Today (Fall 2004)

PATH Today (Fall 2005)

PATH Today (Fall 2006)

PATH Today (Fall 2007)

This edition of PATH Today features the article "Preventing malaria and saving lives" and includes updates on PATH's AfriComNet award for magnet theater, the PATH Journeys donor travel program, the 2007 Breakfast for Global Health, and Global Impact. The issue also includes a profile of PATH donor Erick Rabins.

PATH Today (Fall 2008)

This issue of PATH Today features our Sure Start project, new study results on the Ultra Rice technology, and brief updates on PATH's Woman's Condom, the Washington Global Health Alliance, and more. The issue also includes a profile on PATH donor Jay Ingram.

PATH Today (Fall 2009)

This edition of PATH Today highlights work to improve children’s health in Nicaragua and Kenya and spotlights PATH's safe water project in Korogocho, a slum near Nairobi, Kenya. It also includes brief updates on the 2009 Breakfast for Global Health, workplace giving, an influenza vaccine study in Africa, and PATH's 2008 annual report.

PATH Today (Spring 1998)

PATH Today (Spring 1999)

PATH Today (Spring 2000)

PATH Today (Spring 2004)

PATH Today (Spring 2005)

PATH Today (Spring 2006)

This edition of PATH Today features the articles "A laboratory on a card," "Using microfluidic tests to identify infection," and "Common proteins for common prevention," which highlights the work of John Boslego and his team on pneumococcus. It also includes a letter from donor Shannon Scopa about her family's ordeal with rotavirus.

PATH Today (Spring 2007)

This edition of PATH Today features the article "Magnet theater: setting the stage for transformation," updates on the pneumococcal vaccine, May 2007 Breakfast for Global Health, Charity Navigator rating, and the spring Bottom Line breakfast event.

PATH Today (Spring 2008)

This edition of PATH Today highlights the first tour of PATH Journeys, our newly established donor travel program. Also featured are PATH's Sure Start program, a thank-you to the sponsors of our 2008 Breakfast for Global Health, and information on two endeavors to protect women from disease and violence: the Global Call to Stop Cervical Cancer and the International Violence Against Women Act.

PATH Today (Spring 2009)

This edition of PATH Today features our work in women's health and with the Entre Amigos project in Nicaragua and spotlights Margarita Quintanilla, PATH's Nicaragua country program leader. The issue also highlights PATH's breakthrough development of freeze-stable vaccines, an award for PATH vice president Dr. Michael Free, and the McKinstry Co. Charitable Foundation's commitment to health.

PATH Today (Spring 2010)

This issue of PATH Today focuses on our work in South Africa and how support from donors has helped our South Africa programs grow. The issue also highlights the 2010 Breakfast for Global Health, a Canadian honor awarded to PATH co-founder Dr. Gordon Perkin, and the Condolympics to improve protection against HIV/AIDS in Kenya.

PATH Today (Summer 2002)

PATH Today (Winter 1997)

PATH Today (Winter 1998)

PATH Today (Winter 1999)

PATH Today (Winter 2000)

PATH Today (Winter 2001)

PATH Today (Winter 2002)

PATH Today (Winter 2003)

PATH Today (Winter 2004)

This issue of PATH Today features a film that PATH produced to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS among migrant communities in Cambodia and Thailand. Other highlights: "Adoption" strategy increases immunization in Senegal; Women's stories, women's lives: a publication demonstrating the challenges of preventing cervical cancer in developing countries; opportunities to engage in global health.

PATH Today (Winter 2005)

PATH Today (Winter 2006)

This edition of PATH Today features the article "Focusing on pneumonia" and updates on the Cambodia milestone in immunization coverage, new IRA rollover options for donors, Global Impact, and a profile on PATH donor Brandon Schaefer.

PATH Today (Winter 2007)

This edition of PATH Today features a main article about the neveripine pouch, "Protecting newborns against HIV," and includes updates on the Meningitis Vaccine Project's plans to introduce a vaccine in Burkina Faso in 2008, PATH's nomination as a Laureate for the Tech Museum Awards, and the organization's recognition as a top social entreprenuer in Fast Company magazine. The issue also includes details about the Gates Partnership Challenge and other opportunities for donors to engage and learn about PATH.

PATH Today (Winter 2008)

This issue of PATH Today features a profile of PATH donor Diana Carey and her family, a report from PATH Journeys travelers to Vietnam, and brief updates on the 25th anniversary of Outlook, Forbes’ "most efficient charities" list, and more. The issue also highlights the year-end matching challenge.

PATH Today (Winter 2009)

This issue of PATH Today features a profile of PATH donor Miriam Sevy and her travels with PATH to Kenya, information about our work in Kenya, and an update on our new headquarters building in downtown Seattle. The issue also highlights Ultra Rice® winning the Tech Award, PATH's profile in a new book about the importance of individual donors, and the year-end matching challenge.

PATH Woman's Condom: Informational Updates

This document provides historical information on the PATH-designed Woman's Condom, which could help couples around the world reduce their risk of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancy.

PATH Woman’s Condom Features and Specifications

This fact sheet summarizes the performance objectives, key features, and product specifications of the PATH Woman's Condom.

PATH's Framework for Product Introduction

This paper focuses on PATH's product introduction activities. It also outlines the lessons learned and principles used to measure the impact of our efforts to reach underserved populations and improve global health.

PATH's Guiding Principles for Achieving Programmatic Impact

PATH's Guiding Principles for Managing Conflict of Interest

PATH's Guiding Principles for Private-Sector Collaboration

PATH's Japanese Encephalitis Project: Collaboration and Commitment to Protect Asia's Children

This report summarizes the activities and achievements of PATH's Japanese encephalitis project (2003–2009), which aimed to accelerate availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine to vulnerable communities throughout Asia. The report is available as one large file or as three smaller files for easier downloading.

PATH's Maternal and Newborn Health Technology Initiative

This brochure describes PATH’s work in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, through the Maternal and Newborn Health Technology Initiative (MNTI).

PATH's Safe Water Project in Cambodia: Household Water Treatment and Storage: Findings From a Distribution Channel Analysis

Commercial markets are a viable model for selling some products to the very poor in Cambodia. But can household water treatment and storage products be provided in the same way? This fact sheet discusses the results of an analysis of distribution and marketing channels in Cambodia, conducted by PATH, to help answer that question.

PATH's Safe Water Project in Cambodia: Household Water Treatment and Storage: Findings From a Qualitative Consumer Research Study

PATH conducted a qualitative study of consumers in four regions of Cambodia to inform potential interventions to increase access to household water treatment and storage products through the country's commercial sector. This fact sheet summarizes the findings from this consumer research study.

PATH's Safe Water Project in Vietnam and Cambodia

Safe drinking water is essential to good health and quality of life. However, in resource-poor settings like Vietnam and Cambodia, water often comes from unsafe sources and carries dangerous pathogens. This factsheet outlines the work that PATH is implementing in Vietnam and Cambodia to enable commercial enterprises to produce, distribute, sell, and maintain good-quality household water treatment and storage products for low-income populations.

PATH's Safe Water Project in Vietnam: Household Water Treatment and Storage: Findings From a Distribution Channel Analysis

Commercial markets are a viable model for selling some products to the very poor in Vietnam. But can household water treatment and storage products be provided in the same way? This fact sheet discusses the results of an analysis of distribution and marketing channels in Vietnam that PATH conducted to help answer that question.

PATH's Safe Water Project in Vietnam: Household Water Treatment and Storage: Findings From a Qualitative Consumer Research Study

PATH conducted a qualitative study of consumers in four regions of the country to inform potential interventions to increase access to household water treatment and storage products through the commercial sector in Vietnam. This fact sheet summarizes the findings from this consumer research study.

PATH's Safe Water Project: Partnerships for Commercialization of Household Water Treatment

This document outlines PATH's work with private-sector partners to make appropriate household water treatment and storage products accessible and affordable for low-income families.

PATH's Use of Flexible Funding: 2005–2006 Report to Donors

This document is the first annual report to donors on PATH's use of flexible funding (the "Catalyst Fund").

PATH's Work in HIV and AIDS

This fact sheet provides a brief overview of PATH's work in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and advocacy.

PATH's Work in Tuberculosis

Fact sheet describing some of PATH's global HIV/AIDS and TB.

PATH's Work in Vietnam

PATH’s work in Vietnam began in 1980 with a focus on contraceptive technologies. In 1997, we opened a permanent office in Hanoi. Today, our work addresses a range of health issues, including vaccines and immunization, reproductive health, maternal and child health, health technologies, and emerging and epidemic diseases.

PATH, Fueled by Bill Gates' Fortune, Builds Global Health Hothouse in Seattle

Originally appearing in Xconomy on February 4, 2009, this article provides a detailed profile of PATH, our key projects, and our direction for the future.

PATH: 25 Years of Innovation in Global Health

PATH’s Experience in Strengthening Health Systems

Strengthening health systems is a core component of PATH’s overall mission to improve the health of people around the world. We pursue deliberate and measurable outcomes related to service management, policy, financing, supply systems, human resources, and information and monitoring systems. This document describes PATH’s experience in strengthening health systems.

PATH’s Ukraine TB and TB/HIV Projects

PATH has worked successfully in tuberculosis control in Ukraine in close collaboration with local, national, and international partners since its work as a subcontractor to the World Health Organization (WHO). With support from the US Agency for International Development, PATH is now expanding comprehensive activities to expand DOTS in eight regions of the country. This article outlines project goals, accomplishments, and partners.

The Peer Family Experience

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work of the Peer Family Program, one of the most unique and successful interventions of AMKENI, a project aimed at increasing use of integrated HIV and AIDS, family planning, reproductive health, and child survival services in Western and Coast provinces.

Personal Protective Equipment and Segregation Supply Specifications for Health Care Waste Management

This document provides specifications for personal protective equipment for medical waste handlers and incinerator operators. It is intended to help with the selection and purchase of locally available equipment and can be adapted to local policies and product availability.

Personal Protective Equipment for Waste Handlers and Incinerator Operators

This training aid was developed as part of Training Health Workers in the Management of Sharps Waste. The aid includes a graphical representation of the equipment needed to help protect waste handlers and incinerators during the collection, treatment, and final disposal of health care waste.

Pharmacy Provision of Youth-Friendly Services: A Toolbox with Resources for On-the-Job Training of Pharmacy Staff in Cambodia

A resource for on-the-job training of pharmacy staff that reinforces knowledge about STIs, EC, and regular contraceptive methods as well as provision of youth-friendly services.

A Pilot Introduction of the Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch in Kenya in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programs

This document provides a summary of the pilot introduction project in Kenya to provide nevirapine syrup to mothers prior to delivery to assist with the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Pilot Use of Oxytocin in a Uniject™ Device for AMTSL in Mali

This report describes use of the Uniject™ device prefilled with 10 international units (IU) of oxytocin for actively managing the third stage of labor in selected health centers in Mali. Although this single-dose, autodisable injection device has previously been used for tetanus toxoid vaccination in Mali, the Ministry of Health lacked documentation of the safety and feasibility of using the device to deliver oxytocin for active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).

Planning and Implementing Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Programs: A Manual for Managers

This manual is designed to help health professionals develop a new cervical cancer prevention program or strengthen an existing program. The manual provides information on how to organize and implement a program, recognizing that various service delivery options are needed for different geographic and cultural settings and a range of resource levels. The manual offers practical information on how to develop a program; ensure availability and accessibility of services; build and maintain effective service delivery linkages; reach eligible women; train health professionals; monitor program performance; and improve linkages between prevetion, treatment, and palliative care services.

Planning Appropriate Cervical Cancer Prevention Programs (2nd ed)

Planning for Introduction of depo-subQ provera 104™ in the Uniject® Device

These fact sheets describe PATH's work to develop evidence-based, actionable plans for accelerated introduction of depo-subQ in Uniject in up to five sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries. The fact sheets also highlight other global experiences with the Uniject device and provide clinical information on the subcutaneous formulation of Depo-Provera (depo-subQ provera 104).

Planning for Safe Syringe Disposal

In this document you will find a guide that provides assistance with planning sharps waste disposal systems through the five important steps: review existing legislation and policy, collection of data in your district; review sharps collection options; review options for disposal in non-incineration areas; complete map by assigning disposal systems to non-incinerator health facilities; and create a district planning guide to calculate needs and plan implementation.

Point-of-care Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases: DxBox

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on the DxBox, a lab-on-a-card tool designed to help health care providers diagnose the cause of a patient's fever.

Policy and Advocacy Efforts for HIV and AIDS Prevention: The AIDS Surveillance and Education Project in the Philippines

Practical Selection of Neonatal Resuscitators, Version 2: A Field Guide

PATH has evaluated a variety of reusable neonatal resuscitators, including both bag-and-mask and tube-and-mask designs. This guide is divided into two sections: the first identifies resuscitators that are priced at less than US$30 each, and the second identifies those that are priced above $30 each. It also describes the criteria used during the device evaluation, evaluation results for each device, and suggestions for choosing a resuscitator. The guide is available in two formats: one for booklet-style printing and one for onscreen viewing.

Practical, Local Solutions for Safely Managing Contaminated Syringes and Other Medical Waste

Preadolescent Girls: The Hidden Population: Findings from the Entre Amigas Project Baseline

This report, carried out under PATH's Entre Amigas project, describes the methodology and results of qualitative study and qualitative survey carried out as a baseline study on a population of 600 girls ages 10-14 years, living in Ciudad Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua. The baseline findings informed the Entre Amigas program strategy and interventions.

Preventing Accidental Freezing in the Cold Chain: An Introduction to Cold Chain Freezing and Some Options for Reducing It (PowerPoint)

This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Preventing Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings (Outlook, vol. 18, no. 1)

Preventing Cervical Cancer Worldwide

This report highlights the major findings, lessons, and recommendations from the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention

Preventing Cervical Cancer: Unprecedented Opportunities for Improving Women's Health (Outlook, vol. 23, no. 1)

This issue of Outlook provides the latest evidence-based information about cervical cancer prevention. It summarizes key issues related to transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV), new HPV vaccines, and strategies for introducing the vaccine in low-resource countries. This issue also identifies new methods for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer.

Preventing HIV Among High-Risk Populations in Georgia

This publication provides a fact sheet on the STI and HIV Prevention (SHIP) Project in Georgia.

Preventing HIV/AIDS in Low-Resource Settings (Outlook, vol. 19, no. 1)

Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage Website

Launched in 2005, the Postpartum Hemorrhage Prevention (POPPHI) website describes the work of the POPPHI Project, a USAID-funded project with the goal of expanding active management of the third stage of labor as a means to reduce postpartum hemorrhage, the single most important cause of maternal deaths worldwide. In addition to information about the project itself, the website offers a collection of information and resources related to postpartum hemorrhage and how to save women's lives through use of active management of the third stage of labor.

Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage: Managing the Third Stage of Labor (Outlook, vol. 19, no. 3)

Preventing Prevention Trial Failures: A Case Study and Lessons for Future Trials from the 2004 Tenofovir Trail in Cambodia

Between August 2004 and February 2005, the HIV prevention world was rocked by the suspension and cancellation of PrEP effectiveness trials in Cambodia and Cameroon. Acknowledging that no single version of the events constitutes the “real story,” the case studies are built from extensive interviews with researchers, policymakers, other government officials, donors, nongovernmental organization staff, and advocates to reconstruct often incompatible accounts of what eventually led to government intervention that halted the research. The case studies capture the political context and backdrop against which the controversies arose, the underlying and unaddressed conflicts that led to the costly collapse of two trials, and the lessons they provide for current and future research.

Preventing Vaccine Freezing in the Cold Chain

This zipped set of materials includes background information on the freezing problem (two literature reviews and a PowerPoint presentation), posters and stickers ready for use in the vaccine store and clinic, and a sample protocol for a vaccine freeze study and the results of a study in Indonesia.

Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Fact Sheets

The USAID-funded Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative (POPPHI) has developed numerous fact sheets on postpartum hemorrhage to educate individuals on its severity and how it can be avoided through active management of the third stage of labor.

Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Job Aids

The USAID-funded Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative has six developed job aids to help educate individuals about the harmful effects of postpartum hemorrhage and the proper use of active management of the third stage of labor. Prevention and Initial Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage is available as one large file and two smaller files for easier downloading.

Printing Template for the Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch Label

These labels for the nevirapine infant-dose pouch give instructions for handling and administering the medication; they include a place for health workers to record the expiration date. These labels are available in the following formats: English-language for A4-sized label stock, English-language for 8 ? x 11-inch label stock, and Kiswahili-language for A4-sized label stock.

Private Health Care Sector Involvement in Provision of TB/HIV Collaborative Services in Tanzania

This poster provides an overview of PATH’s work to scale up detection, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in Tanzania.

Procurement Capacity Toolkit: Tools and Resources for Procurement of Reproductive Health Supplies, Version 2

As more developing countries take on responsibility for purchasing health commodities, requisite capabilities -- such as decision-making, planning, and technical skills -- often require strengthening. To address this need, PATH developed the comprehensive Procurement Capacity Toolkit for those responsible for and involved in the supply of reproductive health products. The toolkit is available as one large file or, for faster downloading, 17 smaller files.

Procurement Guidance for Countries: A User's Guide for Resources on Procuring Safe Injection Equipment

This document provides practical illustrations on how to use key global resources related to the procurement of safe-injection equipment. It is intended for use by country decision-makers responsible for selecting and procuring good-quality safe-injection equipment.

Procurement Primer for Health and Family Planning Programs in Bangladesh

This highly illustrated manual provides a complete orientation to procuring goods and services for health and family planning programs in Bangladesh. It describes the key steps of procurement and includes an overview of the World Bank's role in financing programs, a list of resources, a list of acronyms, a glossary, and summaries of the HPSP Development Credit Agreement and World Bank procurement guidelines.

Product Introduction Case Profile: Vaccine Vial Monitors

This case profile of the vaccine vial monitor (VVM) is the first in a series of profiles intended to illustrate the product introduction process.

Profile of the Kenyan AIDS NGOs Consortium

Profile of the Kenyan Youth Exchange Network

In March 1998, eight organizations working with youth in different Nairobi slums came together to form the Youth Exchange Network (YEN). The groups were motivated to join forces to better serve young people and other residents of these areas. This document describes the development of YEN and its key projects and programs. The document was created for NGO Networks at the request of the USAID Bureau of Africa to offer an example of a young network still establishing its identity and discovering its value.

Program Capacity Assessment Tool: Integrating Cervical Cancer Prevention into Reproductive Health Services

Progress in Preventing Cervical Cancer: Updated Evidence on Vaccination and Screening (Outlook, vol. 27, no. 2)

This issue of Outlook provides an update on opportunities for preventing cervical cancer through vaccination and screening. It summarizes recent evidence on the safety and efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccines as well as successful approaches for screening and treatment in low-resource areas. Other topics include cost-effectiveness, communication and training, and implications for policy and programs.

Project GLOW Health and Life Planning Skills Curriculum

This curriculum targets adolescent girls 14 to 18 years old in China's Yi community. It consists of 54 participatory sessions that aim to equip and empower Yi adolescent girls with the life skills and health knowledge needed to develop healthy behaviors and move beyond the challenges of urban migration and the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The document is available as one large file or as multiple smaller sections for easier downloading.

Promoting Gender Equity for HIV and Violence Prevention: Results From the PEPFAR Male Norms Initiative Evaluation in Ethiopia

This document presents findings from the evaluation of the PEPFAR Male Norms Initiative, which indicate that interventions to promote gender-equitable norms can successfully influence young men’s attitudes toward gender norms and lead to healthier relationships. The study provides empirical evidence that a community-based intervention focused on combating inequitable and risk-supporting gender norms is associated with reductions in partner violence and improvements in risk outcomes for HIV and sexually transmitted infections.

Promoting Gender Equity: PATH's Gender, Violence and Rights Strategic Program

Proper Handling and Disposal of Auto-Disable Syringes and Safety Boxes: A Training Module for Clinic Managers and Immunization Providers

Protecting Children for a Healthy Tomorrow: Lessons Learned from the Andhra Pradesh Partnership Project on Immunization

Protecting India's Children From Japanese Encephalitis

This fact sheet provides information about the partnerships and commitments that helped the Government of India introduce a landmark strategy to vaccinate children at highest risk of Japanese encephalitis. Campaigns in 2006 reached more than 9 million children, and the target population in 2007 exceeds 23 million.

Protecting the Promise of Youth: PATH's Adolescent Health Strategic Program

This brochure describes the approach and activities of PATH's adolescent health program.

Protecting Young Children From Diarrheal Disease

This fact sheet provides an overview of PATH's multifaceted approach to protecting children from diarrheal disease. 

Protocol for Evaluating Freezing in the Vaccine Cold Chain

This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

A Qualitative Assessment of the Ethno-Medical Perspectives on Intestinal Parasite Infections in Vietnam

Infection with intestinal parasites is very common in rural Vietnam, with rates of Ascariasis approaching 100 percent amongst children aged two years and older. Trichuris and hookworm infections also highly prevalent. This document reports on research that was conducted at four communes of Ba Thuoc and Hau Loc districts, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. It provides a comprehensive overview of awareness as well as behaviors and practices of local people in health and intestinal parasite infection management and control.

Quantifying Infectious Waste Produced by HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis Programs and the Needs for Injection Safety Equipment

This document is intended to start discussions around quantifying the need for safe injection equipment and the amount of infectious sharps waste produced by testing and treatment programs for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. The analysis was developed to support advocacy efforts to integrate injection safety as an essential element of all health care programs.

Questions Frequently Asked by Women

The Radically Simple Uniject Device

This four-page brochure tells the story of the Uniject device--how it grew from a concept to an easy-to-use, all-in-one injection device that will be used to vaccinate every newborn in Indonesia against hepatitis B and to help eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus globally. The publication covers the development, evaluation, licensing, production, and design and function of Uniject. Photographs and a timeline of Uniject's history included.

Rapid Diagnostics Website

Launched in 2002, this PATH website explores rapid diagnostic tests for infectiuos diseases, and provides information useful to international public health officials.

Rapid Strip Test for Chlamydia

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work to develop a rapid, easy-to-read, low-cost test for chlamydia.

Rapid Strip Test for Gonorrhea

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work to develop a rapid, easy-to-use, low-cost test for gonorrhea. 

Rapid Strip Test for Malaria

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work to develop a rapid, easy-to-read, low-cost test for malaria.

Rapid Tests for Cervical Cancer

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work to develop rapid tests for cervical cancer.

RBP-EIA: Collecting, Processing, and Handling Venous, Capillary, and Blood Spot Samples (Job Aid)

This document serves as a guide to phlebotomists and a training aid in the proper methods of obtaining blood samples for analysis by the retinol-binding protein enzyme immunoassay (RBP-EIA) used in testing for vitamin A deficiency.

RBP-EIA: A New Approach to Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency

This guide introduces the retinol binding protein enzyme immunoassay (RBP-EIA) to potential advocates and users, and provides information about its prospective role in public health.

RBP-EIA: Validation and Establishment of a Rapid, Field-Based Tool for the Assessment of Vitamin A Deficiency: A Summary of Available Evidence

This document summarizes available evidence for the validation and establishment of a rapid, field-based tool for the assessment of vitamin A deficiency using the retinol-binding protein immunoassay (RBP-EIA) test.

Re-examining the Role of Cervical Barrier Devices (Outlook, vol. 20, no. 2)

Reaching Out-of-School Youth in Uganda with Sexual and Reproductive Health Information and Services

This case study describes PATH's work with three implementing partners -- the Family Planning Association of Uganda, Uganda Red Cross Society, and Ndere Troupe -- that carried out the African Youth Alliance's out-of-school component in Uganda. The activity was designed to reach 22,000 youth in 12 districts with sexuality and reproductive health education, including HIV and AIDS, information about assessing youth-friendly services, and opportunities to strengthen developmental skills. This innovative and comprehensive strategy successfully reached thousands of Ugandan youth who were no longer in school.

Reaching Out-of-School Youth with Life-Planning Skills Education: The African Youth Alliance's Behaviour Change Communication Efforts in Arusha, Tanzania

This document highlights the experiences of one small Tanzanian NGO's efforts to improve the reproductive health of out-of-school youth in Arusha, Tanzania.

Reaching Women in Latin America with Misoprostol Use Instructions

This two-page fact sheet provides a brief overview of the results of an exploratory study conducted by PATH, Ipas, and research partners in Latin America to identify appropriate channels through which misoprostol use instructions could be disseminated to women safely and effectively, without causing legal risk to individuals or restrictions to the availability of the drug in Latin America.

Reaching Youth Through Creative Media

This fact sheet describes PATH's work on the Nuru comic book and Kati Yetu radio drama series encouraging African youth make informed, healthy choices about relationships, dating, and sex.

Reaching Youth Through Pharmacies

This fact sheet describes the work of the RxGen Project.

Reading Time-Temperature Indicators With the Uniject® Device

This job aid illustrates how to read time-temperature indicators with the Uniject device.

Reading Time-Temperature Indicators With the Uniject® Device: Worksheet

This worksheet can be used during trainings to help health workers learn how to read time-temperature indicators on the Uniject® device.

Realizing the Full Potential of Childhood Immunization: How Health Professionals Can Make a Difference

This eight-page paper on local advocacy was written for doctors, nurses, and health educators. It provides practical suggestions for grassroots initiatives supporting immunization and incorporates the insights of co-author Dr. Robert Aston, an immunization advocate from the U.K.

Reducing Postpartum Hemorrhage in Thanh Hoa

The study was undertaken to evaluate the acceptability and ease of use of the Uniject prefilled, single-use injection device by midwives at primary and secondary level facilities, the effectiveness of active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) in reducing rates of post partum hemorrhage (PPH) and the need for hemorrhage treatments, the cost-effectiveness of routine delivery of AMTSL, and the relative costs of using oxytocin in ampoules or in Uniject. The study was conducted in six districts of Thanh Hoa province from June to December 2004.

Reducing Postpartum Hemorrhage in Vietnam

This fact sheet describes a collaboration between PATH and the Vietnamese Ministry of Health to study in six districts of Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, the use of single-dose Uniject? devices prefilled with oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labor in order to reduce the rates of postpartum hemorrhage.

Reducing Unmet Need for Family Planning: Evidence-Based Strategies and Approaches (Outlook, vol. 25, no. 1)

The 25^th anniversary issue of Outlook, made possible by support from UNFPA, presents innovative, evidence-based strategies and approaches for addressing unmet need for family planning in developing countries. The issue also reviews the link between family planning and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including improving maternal and child health, promoting gender equality, and combating HIV/AIDS. Addressing unmet need can help tackle some of the most intractable health and development challenges facing the world today.

Reproductive Health and Rights: Reaching the Hardly Reached

This important book brings together a public health and human rights focus on the reproductive health and rights of women and men who are the most disadvantaged and underserved: the "hardly reached." Each article fills a significant gap in our understanding of the health needs of those least served by existing reproductive health programs, including survivors of gender-based violence, refugees, sexual minorities, indigenous women, adolescents and young girls and women who have been trafficked.

Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition Summary

This two-page summary describes the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition (RHSC), which provides global leadership in making essential reproductive health products available in developing and transitional countries.

Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition Website

The Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition is a global partnership of public, private, and nongovernmental organizations dedicated to ensuring that all people in low- and middle-income countries can access and use affordable, high-quality supplies to ensure their better reproductive health.

Reproductive Health, Gender and Human Rights: A Dialogue

This document is available for downloading in one large file or by individual chapters. (There are 12 chapters plus appendices.)

Reproductive Health: Women in Their Middle Years and Beyond (Outlook, vol. 14, no. 4)

Research on Adolescent Health in Kenya and Uganda

This report summarizes the results of a formative assessment conducted with Kenyan and Ugandan youth 12 to 15 years of age on their behavior, knowledge, opinions, social experiences, and information sources regarding sexuality and HIV. The report also offers recommendations for refining program activities and developing appropriate messages and educational materials. The report was produced by PATH and the Kenya and Uganda Scouts Associations as part of the Scouting for Solutions project.

Research Rashomon: Lessons from the Cameroon Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Trial Site

From August 2004 to February 2005, the HIV prevention world was rocked by the suspension and cancellation of PrEP effectiveness trials in Cambodia and Cameroon. Acknowledging that no single version of the events constitutes the “real story,” the case studies in this document are built from extensive interviews with many stakeholders to reconstruct accounts of what eventually led to government intervention that halted the research. The case studies capture the political context and backdrop, the underlying and unaddressed conflicts that led to the costly collapse of two trials, and the lessons they provide for current and future research.

Researching New Prevention Approaches for Cervical Cancer: Methodological Guidelines

The ACCP has developed a set of presentation materials to help cervical cancer prevention advocates make presentations to policymakers, donors, clinicians, program managers, community health workers and others who may be interested or actively involved in cervical cancer prevention. The presentations are available on the ACCP web site in both PowerPoint and as PDF files.

Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists

Produced by PATH and the World Health Organization, this guide draws on the experience of researchers from more than 40 countries and presents methods for performing surveys and qualitative research on gender-based violence in low-resource settings. It covers all aspects of the research process, from study design to training field workers. It also describes ways to use findings to influence decision-makers. Most important, it presents clear guidelines for protecting the safety of women participating in the research. The guide is available as one large file or as 16 smaller files for easier downloading.

Resources for Diarrheal Disease Control

This resource-rich site provides tools that advocates and practitioners alike can use in spreading the word about the deadly toll of diarrheal disease and the solutions to stop it, including new technologies such as zinc treatment and rotavirus vaccines, as well as traditional interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, clean water, and breastfeeding.

Resources for Emergency Contraceptive Pill Programming: A Toolkit

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are special doses of birth control pills that can be used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Although ECPs offer a safe and effective contraceptive option, with some notable exceptions the method has yet to be widely integrated into developing-country family planning programs. The purpose of this toolkit is to facilitate the integration of ECPs into developing-country family planning and reproductive health programs. It includes resources for ECP advocacy, assessment, service provision, and evaluation. The planning and implementation tools represent best practices and experience that will help programs move through the steps required to make ECP services routinely available through health service delivery systems. The intent of the toolkit is to share widely an array of materials developed by PATH and by other organizations as they worked in a variety of settings to incorporate ECPs into family planning services. It is hoped that by bringing together these resources in a format that facilitates their use, the toolkit can reduce duplication of efforts, redundancy, and unnecessary expense.

Rethinking the Ethical Roadmap for Clinical Testing of Microbicides: Report on an International Consultation

On October 23–24, 2003, the Global Campaign for Microbicides brought together 64 people from 12 countries to rethink the issues and ethical dilemmas facing the field of microbicide development. The consultation comprised a broad range of stakeholders, including advocates, ethicists, clinical investigators, community members, drug regulatory authorities, and past participants in microbicide clinical trials. The report is available as one large file and as multiple smaller files for easier downloading.

Retinol Binding Protein Enzyme Immunoassay (RBP-EIA)

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work to develop a rapid, low-cost test to detect vitamin A deficiency.

RHO Cervical Cancer Website

RHO Cervical Cancer is an online resource for health program managers and decision-makers seeking to prevent cervical cancer in low-resource settings. The site contains information about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening and treatment, and the role of vaccination in cervical cancer prevention.

A Rights-Based Approach to Reproductive Health (Outlook, vol. 20, no. 4)

Human rights and reproductive health advocates increasingly are working together to advance women's and men's well-being. This issue of Outlook discusses fundamental human rights principles and major developments; benefits of a rights-based approach to reproductive health; obligations and responsibilities at the international, national, health care system, and community levels; and how programs can implement a rights-based approach to reproductive health care.

Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: Evidence to Date

Part of the ACCP's series of fact sheets, this document reviews available evidene on risk factors for cervical cancer.

The Road to Safe and Effective Vaccines

This fact sheet highlights the development of new vaccines through clinical trials and their role in providing safe and effective vaccines.

Rotavirus Questions and Answers

Rotavirus Update and RotaFlash

Rotavirus Update is distributed every other month to our colleagues in the global health community. It provides the latest news on the development of vaccines against rotavirus, a diarrheal disease that afflicts children worldwide and can lead to severe, sometimes fatal, dehydration. This newsletter reports on progress made by PATH and partners toward bringing a rotavirus vaccine to children in the world’s poorest countries. RotaFlash serves as a supplement between issues of the Rotavirus Update newsletter, providing breaking news on rotavirus disease and vaccines. When you subscribe to Rotavirus Update, you will also receive occasional emails to keep you up to date on the field's latest developments.

Rotavirus Vaccine Program (RVP) Brochure

This brochure describes the global burden of disease from rotavirus and the Rotavirus Vaccine Program's work in accelerating the availability of a rotavirus vaccine.

Rotavirus Vaccine Program Website

Launched in 2004, this website provides news and resources from PATH’s Rotavirus Vaccine Program, whose mission is to reduce child morbidity and mortality from diarrheal disease by accelerating the availability of rotavirus vaccines appropriate for use in developing countries.

Rotavirus Vaccines

This fact sheet aims to raise awareness about two new vaccines against rotavirus, a major cause of diarrheal disease. One in a set of introductory resources, it provides stakeholders and policymakers in the world’s poorest countries with crucial information on new tools to fight diarrheal disease.

SA 14-14-2 Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine

This fact sheet provides important information on the SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine manufactured by the Chengdu Institute of Biological Products. Topics include vaccine presentation, dosage, safety, and history of use.

Safe Motherhood: Successes and Challenges (Outlook, vol. 16, special issue)

Safe Water Project

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work in safe water, specifically on household drinking water and storage products.

Safe Water Situation in Four Countries: 2007 Findings in Brief

This is part of a series of working draft documents that discuss key questions and preliminary findings of PATH’s Safe Water Project. These reports will be used to inform follow-on research, identify potential partners, and contribute to the development of pilot activities. This particular document reports on “snapshot” research that PATH commissioned in 2007 on the safe water situation in Cambodia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Vietnam.

Sample International Reproductive Health Curricula

Saving Lives With Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Turning Ideas Into Solutions for Sexual and Reproductive Health

This publication describes the public health potential of multipurpose prevention technologies -- that is, technologies that prevent unintended pregnancy; sexually transmitted infections, including HIV; and/or other reproductive tract infections. While a few such technologies exist, greater collaboration and resources are needed to accelerate research and development efforts and bring new technologies into widespread use.

Scaling Up for Impact Through Comprehensive Program Improvement

This document provides an overview of the cycle adopted by the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa project (MACEPA) for optimizing program performance through planning, resourcing, implementing, and monitoring and evaluating programs.

Scaling Up for Impact: MACEPA's Model for Malaria Control

This brochure provides a brief overview of the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) project.

Scaling Up Integrated TB and HIV Services in Kenya

PATH, with support from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Global Fund, and the Capacity Project, is currently working in Kenya to scale up tuberculosis and HIV activities in 15 districts and at the national level. This fact sheet details PATH's achievements in the field, with a special focus on community involvement.

Scout Leaders Programme Handbook

Scouting for Solutions to HIV

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes the Scouting for Solutions project's work to promote abstinence until marriage and avoidance of unhealthy sexual behaviors among Scouts in Kenya and Uganda.

Segregation of Medical Waste

This training aid was developed as part of Training Health Workers in the Management of Sharps Waste. The aid includes a graphical representation of the segregation of medical waste into three categories: non-infectious, infectious, and sharps. Over the last few years, a number of countries have adapted the basic concepts and developed country-specific versions of this aid for training and for display in health facilities. The document available here is a link to an example adapted for Kenya.

Senegal: Changing the Face of Immunization in West Africa - Practical Solutions Transform Vaccine Delivery and Injection Safety

Shadow Lives

Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in India

This document presents formative research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in India. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.

Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Peru

This document presents new research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Peru. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.

Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Uganda

This document presents new research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Uganda. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.

Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Vietnam

This document presents formative research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Vietnam. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.

SILCS Diaphragm

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the SILCS diaphragm project at PATH.

SILCS Diaphragm: Design History

This document provides an historical profile on the design of PATH's SILCS diaphragm, including clinical evaluations, user acceptability studies, and product features, specifications, and benefits.

Simple and Affordable Testing for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (TB)

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on developing a simple, affordable test for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Simple and Rapid Method for Detection of Enteric Pathogens in Stool Samples for Low-Resource Settings

Demonstration of the PATH enteric flow-through assay as a rapid and cost effective method for detecting pathogenic bacteria in stool samples in low-resource settings. Presented at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry Oak Ridge Annual Conference, April 17, 2006; San Jose, CA.

Small-Scale Autoclaves to Manage Medical Waste: A Buyer’s Guide to Selecting Autoclaves Manufactured in India

This guide provides technical information on small-scale affordable autoclaves manufactured in India that can be used for medical waste treatment. It includes issues to consider when purchasing an autoclave, technical specifications of some devices, and a list of Indian manufacturers of autoclaves. The guide is intended to be used to aid in decision-making for purchase of autoclaves for medical waste treatment. It is available in single-page format as well as booklet style.

Small-Scale Incinerator Construction: Recommendations from the Rwanda Experience

This report documents a partnership in Rwanda to support infrastructure and systems development to ensure the safe handling, treatment, and final disposal of infectious medical waste.

Smart Electrochlorinator Project: Product Optimization for Water Treatment in Small Communities

This document outlines PATH and Cascade Designs, Inc.'s work in optimizing electrochlorination technology for water treatment in small, low-income communities.

SoloShot

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the SoloShot project at PATH.

Solutions That Save Lives: Health Technologies Give Mothers and Children the Chance for a Healthy Future

This fact sheet discusses the development and implementation of technologies to improve the health of women and their children in poor and remote areas around the world. It provides examples of PATH’s work in this area.

Sourcing Guide: The Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch for Use in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS Programs. Version 1

This guide provides programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) with the information they need to independently procure nevirapine infant-dose pouches for use in their PMTCT services. (PATH is not a manufacturer or supplier of the pouch.)

Sparking Dialogue: Initiating Community Conversations on Safe Abortion

This guide maps out the steps in building a dialogue-based BCC strategy and the importance of stakeholder involvement during the strategy design process. The purpose of this guide is to give policymakers and program implementors an idea of how communication strategies can be developed in order to increase access to safe abortion.

Special Report: 7th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases

This special report offers an overview of the proceedings at the 7th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases held in Tel Aviv, Israel, from March 14 to 18, 2010. The meeting brought together pneumococcal experts from around the world to discuss the latest advancements in the field of pneumococcal disease research and development. This report captures topics covered at the conference ranging from microbiology and epidemiology of the pneumococcus bacterium to existing and novel pneumococcal vaccines and  treatments, as well as updates on global advocacy efforts and serotype dynamics of pneumococcal disease.

Spurring Innovation for the Development of HIV/AIDS Technologies

This paper was commissioned for the aids2031 Science and Technology Working Group as part of a series of working papers under the aids2031 initiative. This paper discusses mechanisms that promote innovation in early stage discovery science for HIV and, in particular, those that target existing gaps in research.

SRH-HIV Convergence Newsletter (Volume 1, Issue 1)

This document is the first in a series of periodic policy and practice updates about work undertaken by PATH on the convergence of HIV services and sexual and reproductive health services (SRH) in India.

Standards of Prevention in HIV Prevention Trials

This report covers a 2009 consultation in Kampala, Uganda, that was convened by the Global Campaign for Microbicides, the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It includes recommendations related to key ethical and practical questions on the design and implementation of clinical trials.

START-UP: Innovation in Cervical Cancer Screening

This fact sheet describes how the START-UP project is working with private-sector partners to develop two new tests that detect infection with the types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer. Designed for use in low-resource settings, these screening tools are an innovative answer to the challenge of early detection of the precursors of cervical cancer.

State-of-the-Art Tools and Methods to Support Indoor Residual Spraying

This fact sheet describes how the pioneering use of geographic information systems has enhanced Zambia’s indoor residual spraying program, and how the systems can be useful in other countries and for other malaria interventions.

Status Report on Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Status report on HPV vaccines

Status Report on Uniject Prefilled Injection Device

STD Management for HIV and AIDS Prevention: The AIDS Surveillance and Education Project in the Philippines

Stop Freezing Vaccine!

This series describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.

Streamlining Immunization Logistics in the Provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This document describes the Streamlining Immunization Logistics project, implemented between April 2005 and March 2006 in eight districts of Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This project has demonstrated qualitative improvements in the efficiency of sub-national logistic systems supporting the delivery of immunization services.

Strengthening Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for People With HIV and for People at Risk of HIV

This policy brief describes the study objectives, methodology, and findings from the PATH Convergence Project in India. The brief includes recommendations for developing a national policy in India to converge HIV and reproductive health services for people with HIV and for those most at risk.

Strengthening Communities' Responses to HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia

The Strengthening Communities’ Responses to HIV/AIDS project is a 3-year contract funded by USAID, with two 1-year option periods. PATH is the prime contractor and is joined by four international partners and several local partners. The goal of the project is to strengthen the capacity of civil-society organizations to improve access and quality of HIV care and support services, including counseling and testing and treatment-adherence activities within communities, so that health outcomes for HIV-positive Ethiopians and their dependents are improved.

Strengthening Health Systems Through Procurement

This two-page fact sheet details the procurement systems strengthening work that PATH has done over two decades in over 30 countries.

Strengthening Immunization Services Through Service Delivery Support: The Andhra Pradesh Experience

Strengthening Private-Sector Involvement in TB and HIV in Vietnam

This factsheet introduces PATH’s work in Vietnam to design and implement approaches to working with private-sector providers as a way to increase access to existing TB and HIV case detection, treatment, and prevention services.

Strengthening Regional Work on Gender-Based Violence: A Meeting of Activists, Practitioners, and Researchers from the Horn, East and Southern Africa, Kampala, Uganda, November 8-9, 2006

In November 2006, more than 100 community activists, advocates, researchers, service providers, health care professionals, and practitioners gathered in Kampala, Uganda, for a first-of-its-kind meeting on strengthening regional work on gender-based violence. Participants from 15 countries discussed innovative interventions, unexpected challenges, and lessons learned from their collective experiences in the field.The meeting was a collaborative initiative of PATH, Raising Voices, the Gender-Based Violence Prevention Network, the Interagency Gender Working Group, and the East Africa Regional Office of the US Agency for International Development. This report synthesizes the workshops, presentations, and discussions that were held over the two days.

Strengthening Systems for Distributing Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in Zambia

This document describes the advantages of the change by the Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA) from centralized distribution of massive quantities of insecticide-treated bednets to district-level distribution in Zambia.

Strengthening Understanding of Femicide: Using Research to Galvanize Action and Accountability

This publication provides an overview of a conference on femicide convened  jointly by PATH, the Inter-American Alliance for the Prevention of Gender-based Violence, the Medical Research Council of South Africa, and the World Health Organization in Washington, DC, April 14–16, 2008. The conference brought together activists, researchers, and forensic professionals from 13 countries, with the aim of identifying common ground for strengthening research and galvanizing global action to prevent femicide and end the impunity so often granted to perpetrators.

Strengthening Vietnam's immunization program

PATH, in close partnership with Vietnam's National Expanded Program on Immunization (NEPI), has worked to increase the quality, safety, and efficiency of immunization services through the Iris Project. This fact sheet describes the project's process of testing province-wide systems improvements, identifying best practices, and encouraging other provinces to adopt the improvements. Work included updating and improving policies, training staff, and increasing community knowledge and demand for vaccination, particularly through technical updates, training of trainers, an introduction to supportive supervision, an out-of-the-cold-chain study, and an injection safety project with needle removers.

Summary of Proceeedings: Consultative Forum on Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low-resource Settings

Summary of Stability Data for Commonly Used Vaccines and Novel Vaccine Formulations

This table provides the latest stability data for commonly used vaccines and novel vaccine formulations. Data are sorted by vaccine. Current research into vaccine stabilization is also described and sorted by technology, formulation, data, and group.

Summary Report: Evaluation of Retractable Syringes in a Measles-Rubella Immunization Campaign in Peru

In 2006, UNICEF, the Peruvian Ministry of Health, and PATH performed an evaluation in Peru to assess perceptions of acceptability and safety of automatic retractable syringes in an immunization setting and their affect on waste disposal. The evaluation showed that retractable syringes were seen as a reliable, easy-to-use, preferred alternative to standard disposables in the campaign setting. The evaluation also found that retractable syringes have the potential to improve the safe management of sharps waste.

Supply and Demand for Household Water Treatment Products in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, India

This document is part of a series of project briefs discussing the activities, research findings, and field experiences of PATH’s Safe Water Project. The briefs are available in two formats: one for onscreen viewing and one for booklet-style printing.

Support to Ukraine in Implementing Its National TB Program

In this document you will find a fact sheet describing the tuberculosis (TB) Project in Ukraine.

Supporting National TB Programs to Expand DOTS

Brochure describing PATH's national TB programs to expand DOTS. Created for a global meeting on TB in Paris, Oct/Nov. 2004.

Supportive Supervision to Sustain Health Worker Capacity in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatera

This document summarizes PATH’s work in Indonesia to sustain best practices among health workers in project provinces through a supportive supervision program.

Sure Start

Sure Start: Helping Mothers and Newborns Thrive

Sure Start is an initiative intended to catalyze sustainable improvements in maternal and newborn health through effective community action in selected districts of Uttar Pradesh and urban sites of Maharashtra, India. The Sure Start project has been designed to complement and support the Government of India’s commitment to improving maternal and newborn health. This fact sheet gives an overall picture and progress of the project to date.

Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases: Guidelines for Public Health Services in Georgia

The Georgian National Health Policy, adopted in 1999, declares the reduction of communicable and socially dangerous diseases a major priority for maintaining and improving the health of the Georgian population over the next decade. This report helps Georgian health workers comply with the above goal. It outlines how to identify and register cases of infectious diseases; confirm and classify cases; notify and report; analyze data; investigate outbreaks; and use available information for making decisions to prevent and control infectious diseases and improve the functioning of the surveillance system.

Surveillance and Control of Human Cases of Avian Influenza: Provisional Guidelines for Public Health Services in Georgia

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza are occurring in domestic fowl in many countries, posing a considerable human public health risk. The guidelines outlined in this report are the first attempt to provide comprehensive recommendations to help Georgian health workers promptly identify, report, confirm, and classify potential cases of avian influenza in humans; analyze data; investigate and respond to cases and outbreaks; and improve other aspects of an early warning system for humans. They are most appropriate for the current stage of pandemic preparedness (phases 3 to 4 of the World Health Organization [WHO] Pandemic Alert Period) and designed primarily for health personnel working at rayon and regional public health centers. In addition to general recommendations for the human avian influenza surveillance system as a whole, the guidelines include specific sections devoted to communication with the public as well as infection control in health facilities.

Surveillance and Control of Seasonal and Avian Influenza in Humans: Guidelines for Public Health Services in Ukraine (second edition)

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza are occurring in domestic fowl in many countries, posing a considerable human public health risk. Based on the latest World Health Organization (WHO) standards and recommendations, this manual provides comprehensive recommendations to help Ukrainian health care workers establish sentinel site surveillance and promptly identify, report, confirm, and classify potential cases of avian influenza in humans. In addition, the document includes guidance on the basic parameters for surveillance data analysis, investigation of trigger cases and outbreaks, improvement of other aspects of an early warning system for humans, and communication with the public and infection-control professionals. The guidelines are most appropriate for the current and the next stages of pandemic preparedness (phases 3 and 4 of the WHO Pandemic Alert Period) and are designed primarily for health care personnel working at rayon and regional sanitary-epidemiological stations.

Tackling the Biggest Maternal Killer: How the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative Strengthened Efforts Around the World

The Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Initiative (POPPHI), funded by USAID, developed this document to summarize the projects and activities that took place over its five-year history. The report focuses on the challenge of postpartum hemorrhage and the mechanisms developed by POPPHI to address it. It also provides an overview of the tools, including resources and policy changes, that were accomplished. Finally, the document also highlights specific work done by PATH, its partners, and the POPPHI team in scale-up and small grant countries. The report is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.

Technologies for Immunization Safety

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on safe injections and waste management.

Technology Breakthroughs to Improve Global Health

This fact sheet describes PATH's work in developing and introducing health technologies.

Technology Solutions by the Numbers

This fact sheet provides an overview of the health products PATH has developed, particularly those that are being distributed globally. The sheet also summarizes the technologies that PATH has investigated, developed (or is developing), and transferred to commercial partners.

Temperature Recording System in National Vaccine Stores of Khartoum, Sudan, and Tehran, Iran

Both Iran and Sudan utilize an alarm-based temperature recording system to monitor the performance of their national immunization cold stores. To better the utility and application of such systems in other countries, this report documents the benefits, challenges, and advantages of both Iran’s and Sudan’s systems.

Ten Steps to Developing a Strategic Advocacy Agenda

This document outlines ten steps that programs may find helpful as they determine their advocacy goals and activities.

Thogomelo Project

This project brief describes the Thogomelo project, which is designed to build South Africa's capacity to care for its community caregivers and protect children left vulnerable by the AIDS pandemic.

Tools for Expanding Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access Through Pharmacies

This notebook includes a number of resources about emergency contraception (EC): EC Pills Information Packet, Collaborative Agreements for Public Health, Framework, Model Legislation, Quality Assurance/Quality Improvement Document, Pharmacist Training Manual, Public Relations/Continency Plans, "Sweet Nothings" Radio Transcript, Reources, Presenters'slides, EC Materials for Diverse Audiences, EC Contraception Resources for Providers

Training Health Workers in the Management of Sharps Waste

This training manual is available for downloading in four sectioons: first, the guide for facilitation; second, the guide for training injection providers; third, the guide for training waste handlers; and fourth, resources.

Training Manual: Training Providers on Packaging Nevirapine Oral Suspension Using the Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch

This manual assists programs in training staff for the introduction of the nevirapine infant-dose pouch into programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). It is intended for adaptation based on individual program needs.

Training Vaccinators in a Time of Change

This article, from the October 2001 issue of Immunization Focus, describes one nongovernmental organization's experience of training with partners in countries. The article also includes examples of training initiatives developed by PATH's Children's Vaccine Program.

Treating Precancerous Cervical Lesions

Treatment Alternatives for Medical Waste Disposal

This document describes technology options for treating infectious medical waste, including incineration, chemical treatment, autoclaving, microwaving, and shredding/compacting. Performance issues, environmental impact, and perspectives from several developing countries are described.

Tuberculosis: A Global Health Emergency (Outlook, vol. 17, no. 3)

Tuko Pamoja: Adolescent Reproductive Health and Life Skills Curriculum

In this document you will find ways in which the Kenya Adolescent Health Project curriculum helps facilitate dialogue between adults and young people on issues related to adolescent reproductive health. It is for teachers; community, religious, and youth group leaders; health care professionals; and anyone working with young people. The curriculum is designed to delay sexual debut, promote sexual and reproductive health and equip adolescents with life skills. Within this curriculum, facilitators can examine and clarify their own values and attitudes toward gender and relationships, build knowledge on sexual and reproductive health, and develop participatory facilitation skills to impart crucial life-saving information to young people. This curriculum is for use with adolescents aged 10 to19. It contains 30 sessions that focus on life skills and adolescent health. Each session has clear learning objectives that are addressed through a variety of participatory learning activities. Background notes are also provided to enhance the facilitator

Tuko Pamoja: A Guide for Peer Educators

This guide was developed by PATH as part of the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP) Tuko Pamoja ("We are together") series. It is intended to be used by peer educators facilitating discussion groups with in- and out-of-school youth. The guide will help peer educators share information and lead discussions with their peers on addressing physical and emotional changes during adolescence, staying healthy, planning for the future, making good decisions, and preventing pregnancy and HIV and AIDS. It can also be used as a reference for peer educators to learn more about the different topics. The guide is available as one large file or as multiple smaller sections for ease of downloading.

Tuko Pamoja: A Guide for Talking With Young People About Their Reproductive Health

This guide was developed for Public Health Technicians working with the Ministry of Health as part of the Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project. However, it can be used by anyone wishing to broaden his or her understanding of adolescent reproductive health issues and improve his or her ability to communicate with young people.

Ukraine Health Services Response to Pandemic Influenza: Provisional Guidelines for Ukraine's Health Services to Plan and Organize Measures to Combat Pandemic Influenza

This document provides the overall framework and specific operational procedures for Ukraine’s health sector response to an influenza pandemic. Its prime objectives are to reduce the health impact of a pandemic and minimize disruption to health and other essential services while maintaining business continuity and reducing the disruption to society.

Ukraine: What do Providers Know About Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT)?

This poster presentation illustrates a survey administered by PATH in 2005, in order to identify the knowledge, attitudes and practices among 517 providers (ob/gyns, gynecologists, and midwives) working in a total of 16 health care facilities in southern Ukraine.This poster was presented at the XVI AIDS conference in Toronto, August 13-18, 2006.

Ultra Rice

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the Ultra Rice project at PATH.

Ultra Rice Research Summary Table

Ultra Rice has been intensively studied to ensure it is efficacious, shelf stable, and acceptable to consumers. This table outlines the 28 studies conducted to date that form the growing evidence base for Ultra Rice.

Ultra Rice Technology – Expanding Markets for Fortified Rice: An Invisible Bounty as Food for Life

This overview of PATH’s Ultra Rice project summarizes Ultra Rice as a cost-effective and culturally appropriate food-fortification technology specially designed to meet the needs of low-resource, rice-consuming populations.

Ultra Rice: Frequently Asked Questions

This FAQ provides greater detail on a number of issues related to the Ultra Rice technology, including health issues, manufacturing processes, and ingredient and micronutrient composition of Ultra Rice grains.  It also provides some insight into consumer questions and PATH's advocacy and commercialization activities.

Ultra Rice® Technology: Value Proposition

The Ultra Rice technology offers an efficacious, affordable, and sustainable solution within the growing portfolio of interventions to address micronutrient deficiencies. This document highlights the key elements of the value proposition for this innovative health technology developed by PATH.

Understanding Consumers and the Market for Household Water Treatment Products in Cambodia

PATH’s Safe Water Project is exploring the effectiveness of commercial strategies for providing household water treatment and storage products to low-income consumers in Cambodia and other developing countries. This project brief summarizes the results of three studies—a consumer study, a product scan, and an analysis of distribution channels—conducted from April to December 2008 to inform the development and implementation of a safe water pilot project in Cambodia.

Understanding Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Senegal

This fact sheet describes a phase 4, post-licensure influenza vaccine effectiveness study that PATH and its partners are conducting in Senegal. The study seeks to better understand the extent of the influenza disease burden in tropical Africa, as well as the potential of current seasonal influenza vaccines to reduce influenza-related deaths in the developing world. Ultimately, study data could help public health officials decide how to best use influenza vaccines in Senegal and in similar tropical countries.

Understanding Vaccines

This fact sheet on understanding vaccines describes how vaccines work and lists the different types of vaccines.

Update: Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Rwanda

The purpose of this document is to provide an update on the "Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Rwanda" study conducted by UNICEF and partners in Rwanda in 2005. The document discusses the results of the Rwanda study in light of more recent research and program findings and includes the new WHO guidelines on HIV and infant feeding, which were published in October 2006. The study was published in French as "Evaluation des pratiques d'alimentation des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants dans le contexte du VIH/SIDA au Rwanda."

Use of the Clean Home Delivery Kit: A Qualitative Study

Qualitative research study to gather detailed information about how the clean home delivery kit helps various types of birth attendants and/or cord-cutters in Nepal to maintain the principles of clean delivery. The main objective of this study was to understand the context of kit use and non-use by women for their own deliveries and by women assisting them during delivery.

Using a Needle Remover

This document provides the user with guidelines on how to use a Balcan type needle remover safely.

Using a Protected Sharps Barrel

This document provides a set of guidelines for correctly using a protected sharps barrel.

Using a Protected Sharps Pit

This document provides a list of steps to follow for correctly using a protected sharps pit.

Using Culture to Change Behavior

This fact sheet describes how the Culture and Health Program (CHAPS) uses a small grants program to catalyze local action.

Using Mathematical Modeling to Inform Malaria Control Scale-Up

This fact sheet describes how mathematical malaria modeling is used to inform national malaria control strategic planning. It discusses recent developments in the evolution of the malaria model and how this technology has informed the use of bednets, insecticide spraying, and treatment in Africa.

Using Oxytocin in the Uniject™ Device (10 IU in 1 ml)

This job aid provides written and pictoral instruction for health workers for the administration of oxytocin in the Uniject™ device.

Using Uniject to Increase the Safety and Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Immunization

Vaccine Resource Library

PATH’s Vaccine Resource Library (VRL) seeks to gather the world’s best immunization resources in a single, easy-to-use website. The VRL offers a wide variety of high-quality, scientifically accurate documents and links on specific diseases and topics in immunization. It is geared for health professionals in the developing and industrialized worlds, as well as for journalists, policymakers, community leaders, parents, and others interested in vaccine-related resources. The resources found on the VRL are collected from a variety of sources, including news media, scientific journals, and leaders in public health.

Vaccine Stabilization

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on vaccine stabilization.

Vaccine Vial Monitors (VVMs)

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on vaccine vial monitors.

Vaccine-Preventable Bacterial Meningitis Program in Ukraine

Ukraine project descriptions

Vaccines for the Future

This e-newsletter provides a periodic update on PATH’s efforts to develop new, appropriate, and affordable vaccines against two leading causes of death in developing-world populations: pneumonia and diarrhea. It includes updates on our progress, partnerships, and specific projects related to vaccines against pneumococcal disease, rotavirus, Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and influenza.

Vaccines in Uniject

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on the Uniject device for use with vaccines.

Validation and Stability of Retinol-Binding Protein: Evidence From Tanzania

This document assesses the correspondence between retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP), as well as the stability of RBP subjected to varying temperature conditions over time, the effect of light, and the feasibility of using dried blood spots. The assessment is part of a larger project examining the use of the RBP enzyme immunoassay (RBP-EIA) to test for vitamin A deficiency.

Validation of a Retinol-Binding Protein-Enzyme Immunoassay (RBP-EIA), Using Serum Specimens Collected From the Guinea-Bissau Health Project

This document shares data from Guinea-Bissau that provide validation of the retinol-binding protein enzyme immunoassay (RBP-EIA) test from serum samples, while also providing initial data on the feasibility of using dried blood samples as a specimen type for the assessment of vitamin A deficiency in the field.

Vietnam: Progress Beyond High Coverage - Increasing Immunization Program Quality, Safety, and Efficiency

Violence Against Women: Effects on Reproductive Health (Outlook, vol. 20, no. 1)

Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds

Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds provides a strategy for addressing this complex problem and concrete approaches for carrying it out. It was developed for those on the front lines and for decision-makers who are developing policies and resources. The book should motivate health providers and leaders to more directly confront the issue of gender-related violence and ensure support to affected women. The document is available as one large file or, for faster downloading, four smaller files.

Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA): Evidence to Date

The ACCP has developed a set of presentation materials to help cervical cancer prevention advocates make presentations to policymakers, donors, clinicians, program managers, community health workers and others who may be interested or actively involved in cervical cancer prevention. The presentations are available on the ACCP web site in both PowerPoint and as PDF files.

Visual inspection with Lugol

The ACCP has developed a set of presentation materials to help cervical cancer prevention advocates make presentations to policymakers, donors, clinicians, program managers, community health workers and others who may be interested or actively involved in cervical cancer prevention. The presentations are available on the ACCP web site in both PowerPoint and as PDF files.

Visual Screening Approaches: Promising Alternative Screening Strategies

The Volunteer Spirit in Western Province

This is one of a series of fact sheets that describe PATH's current and past work in Kenya. The fact sheets focus on specific projects as well as unique approaches that cut across projects. This fact sheet describes work with local volunteers, EngenderHealth, and other organizations on AMKENI, an integrated family planning, reproductive health, and child survival project.

Western Kenya Cervical Cancer Prevention Project (WKCCPP) Final Report December 2004

The WKCCPP Project, implemented from 2000 to 2004, was a collaborative effort to develop and evalulate a model cervical cancer prevention program suitable for rural, low-resource settings in Africa. During the life of the project nearly 2,400 women were screened using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), visual screening using Lugol's iodine (VILI), and a combination of both screening tests, followed by cryotherapy. WKCCPP clearly demonstrated that cervical cancer prevention services based on these tests can be established and sustained in rural Kenya with relatively modest start-up requirements and support. With commitment at national and local levels, an affordable and effective cervical cancer prevention service could be phased in over the next five to ten years, and thousands of women's lives could be spared.

What if Everyone Had an Equal Chance at a Healthy Life?

This four-page organizational brochure gives a quick overview of why PATH is dedicated to improving health for everyone.

What's in a Game? An Evaluation of Two Sexuality Education Board Games: Safari of Life and Young Man's Journey

Where Child Meets Survival: Healthy Start for Child Survival in Indonesia

This report describes a project that sought to improve maternal health and child survival in Indonesia by strengthening Lombok's existing birth-centered system by delivering preventive health services to postpartum women and infants at or within one week of birth.

Where the Standard Makes the Difference in the Real World of Malnutrition: Analysis of 10 Countries With DHS Data

This report presents findings from ten Demographic and Health Surveys to compare the prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight in children under 5 years by two international standards: the 1977 International Growth Reference and the 2006 Child Growth Standards. The findings have implications for evaluating children’s nutritional status and for analyzing trends.

WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women

Winning Through Caring - An HIV and AIDS Behavior Change Communication Program in Eritrea: Implementation Case Study

This document describes the implementation challenges, success and impact of behavior change communication activities in Eritrea.

Woman's Condom

Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the Woman's Condom project at PATH.

Women's Frequently Asked Questions About Cervical Cancer Screening: Helping Health Care Providers Anticipate and Answer Common Questions

Women's Right to Choose: Partnerships for Safe Abortion in Nepal

This booklet documents the early steps and achievements in the process of implementing the reformed abortion law in Nepal, highlighting the roles and activities of the many stakeholders involved. A range of issues and initiatives are covered, related to the establishment of services, training of staff, monitoring of services, legal points, advocacy and information dissemination, and behavior change communication.

Women's Stories, Women's Lives: Experiences with Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment

Women's Stories, Women's Lives: Experiences with Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment is a collection of stories based on interviews with women who participated in the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) screening and (when applicable) treatment programs. These women's stories illustrate the unnecessary suffering cervical cancer can cause women and their families and how prevention programs can save women's lives.

Working with District Health Offices in ASUH

Description of the work carried out with district health offices in Indonesia.

A Workplace-Based Life-Planning Skills Training Program for Migrant Youth in Shenzhen, China

Out-of-school adolescent migrants in urban areas are a difficult group to reach. They are also more likely than students to need adolescent sexual and reproductive health information and services. These documents report on a study to evaluate the impact of a work-based training program in life-planning skills conducted with young, unmarried migrants in Shenzhen, China. A full report is provided in English, with summaries in both English and Chinese.

Workshop on the WHO Prequalification Programme for Male Latex Condoms

These workshop materials were designed for manufacturers of male latex condoms to introduce and solicit input on the new WHO Prequalification Programme for Male Latex Condoms. The objective is to increase the successful participation of manufacturers, thereby expanding the supplier base and expediting progress toward reproductive health supply security in low- and middle-income countries. If you intend to adapt these materials, it is recommended that experienced facilitators manage each session. For more information, contact info@path.org.

Workshop on Using the WHO Prequalification Programme in Procurement Practices

These workshop materials were developed to improve the knowledge and skills of procurement implementers to enable them to effectively use the WHO Prequalification Programme for Essential Reproductive Health Medicines. The materials include educational and skills-building components to convey the benefits of prequalification within the procurement context and to effectively incorporate prequalification into bidding documents and bidder assessments. If you intend to adapt these materials, it is recommended that experienced facilitators manage each session. For more information, contact info@path.org.

Youth and Responsibility Go Hand-in-Hand: A Peer Education Program at Guangzhou University

Guangzhou University is a pilot site of the China Youth Reproductive Health project. This case study describes a peer education program in the university and documents the lessons learned, including the program’s impact, successes, challenges, and students’ reactions. It also provides suggestions for sustaining the program.

Youth Exchange Network

This fact sheet describes work to share information and experiences among members of the Youth Exchange Network, a group of organizations working with youth in Nairobi slums.

Youth-Friendly Pharmacy Program Implementation Kit: Guidelines and Tools for Implementing a Youth-friendly Reproductive Health Pharmacy Program

The Youth-Friendly Pharmacy Program Implementation Kit is intended to guide the development of a sustainable, pharmacy-based initiative. Organizations can adapt the model and the materials as needed, to suit a variety of environments.

Zinc Treatment for Diarrhea

This fact sheet aims to raise awareness about zinc, a new treatment for diarrhea. One in a set of introductory resources, it provides stakeholders and policymakers in the world’s poorest countries with crucial information on a new tool to fight diarrheal disease.