Subject: > Health technologies > Vaccine delivery
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- Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website
Developed by PATH and Stanford University, the AIM website features modules on four immunization topics: introducing hepatitis B vaccine, introducing Japanese encephalitis vaccine, immunization financing, and an Excel tutorial. Three new modules are in development and are expected to be released in late 2008. These will address meningitis A vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, and a strategic planning for measles control (including the World Health Organization's measles strategic planning tool). An updated Japanese encephalitis module will also be available in late 2008. The website is designed for use in low-bandwidth settings, and the content is also available on CD-ROM.
- Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Hepatitis B
The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module will help senior policymakers understand hepatitis B and how immunization programs can decrease hepatitis B virus infection. It also provides information on how to add hepatitis B vaccine to an immunization program and how to manage the addition of a new vaccine.
- Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Japanese Encephalitis
The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module will help senior policymakers understand Japanese encephalitis (JE) and how immunization programs can decrease JE infection among people. It also provides information on how to add JE vaccine to an immunization program and how to manage the addition of a new vaccine.
- Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Meningitis
The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module provides comprehensive information on meningococcal meningitis from basic disease characteristics through immunization session planning.
Part of series: AIM e-Learning modules
Author: Berlier M, LaForce FM, Mort M
Publication date: 2009
Region: Africa
- Advanced Immunization Management (AIM) e-Learning Website: Rotavirus
The AIM e-Learning tool is designed to provide comprehensive information to support immunization program managers at all stages of country-level decision-making. This module provides comprehensive information from basic rotavirus disease characteristics through immunization session planning for rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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- Childhood Immunization: What You Need to Know - A Handbook for Health Workers and Parents
Publication date: 2004
Region: Global
- Cold Chain Equipment Manager (CCEM)
Coming soon! CCEM version 2.0 will be available in October 2009. The Cold Chain Equipment Manager (CCEM) is an open-source, Microsoft Access-based software tool. CCEM is accompanied by a user manual, data collection questionnaires, a surveyor’s guide to these questionnaires, and an equipment identification guide. CCEM also comes with practice files, providing new users with practice data to demonstrate how CCEM will analyze cold chain equipment data and facilitate multiyear equipment planning. CCEM 2.0 will be available for download in October 2009 and will also be available on CD; email publications@path.org to request a copy. For more information, please see the CCEM project description.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Global
- Cold Chain Technologies
Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes the current project on cold chain technologies at PATH.
- Common Virus and Senseless Killer: Briefing Paper on Rotavirus
This briefing paper underscores the burden of rotavirus and highlights the promise of vaccines to combat the virus as the global health community prepares for worldwide introduction.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Global
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- Development of a Freeze-Stable Formulation for Vaccines Containing Aluminum Salt Adjuvants
This article was published in Vaccine, Volume 27, Issue 1, Jones Braun L, Tyagi A, Perkins S, et al, Development of a freeze-stable formulation for vaccines containing aluminum salt adjuvants, pp. 72-79, Copyright Elsevier (2009). The journal may be accessed at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X.
- Directions in Global Health (Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2004)
The September 2004 issue of PATH's programmatic newsletter focuses on five projects: PATH's Children's Vaccine Program, which is strengthening immunization in Senegal, Cambodia, and India; evaluation of the SolarChill refrigerator, which is using solar power to fuel the cold chain; our cervical cancer work in Kenya and Peru, as part of the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention; the Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology--Child and Reproductive Health (PACT-CRH), which is transferring health technologies to India's private sector; and results from three evaluations of clean home delivery kits used in Nepal and Tanzania.
Part of series: Directions in Global Health
Author: PATH
Publication date: September 2004
Region: Global
- Directions in Global Health (Volume 4, Issue 1, May 2007)
This special issue of Directions in Global Health highlights PATH's vaccine partnership efforts: PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), pneumococcal vaccine development project, Meningitis Vaccine Project, cervical cancer vaccine project, and Rotavirus Vaccine Program. The issue also features a case study of the vaccine vial monitor.
- Directions in Global Health (Volume 4, Issue 3, January 2008)
This issue of Directions in Global Health profiles five aspects of PATH's work: our regional efforts to control tuberculosis, the development of and new applications for the Uniject device, a study evaluating storage of hepatitis B vaccine outside of the cold chain, promotion of condom use among young people, and PATH's procurement team.
- Directions in Global Health (Volume 5, Issue 1, May 2008)
This issue of Directions in Global Health profiles our effort to expand access to safe water, particularly in India; a project to improve nutrition for infants and young children; our thermostable vaccine work; surveillance activities for Japanese encephalitis; and our work under the Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition.
- Disposable-Syringe Jet Injection
Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on designing the next generation of jet injectors.
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- Effects of Freezing on Vaccine Potency: Literature Review
This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- Evaluation of Out-of-the-cold-chain Approaches for Improving On-time Delivery of the Hepatitis B Birth Dose in Rural Areas of China
This document summarizes the results of a study of out-of-the-cold-chain approaches for improving on-time delivery of birth doses of the hepatitis B vaccine in rural areas of China.
Publication date: 2006
Region: Asia
- Evidence of Vaccine Freezing in the Cold Chain
This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
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- Final Report: Cold Chain Workshop
This document provides a final report, including summary and recommendations, on a regional workshop to discuss cold chain management issues, particularly regarding their impact on vaccine availability and effectiveness. The workshop was organized by PATH and UNICEF's Regional Office for Latin America & the Caribbean; it was held May 31 through June 2, 2006, in Panama City.
Publication date: 2006
Region: Asia
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- Giving Safe Injections: Using Auto-Disable Syringes for Immunization
Publication date: 2001
Region: Global
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- Has Your Vaccine Been Damaged by Freezing? Shake Test Instructions
Poster describing how to conduct the shake test to determine whether a vaccine has been frozen. This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- Has Your Vaccine Been Damaged by Freezing? Shake Test Instructions for Uniject
Poster describing how to conduct the shake test to determine whether a vaccine in Uniject has been frozen. This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- HealthTech Historical Profile: Technologies for Injection Safety
This document provides an historical overview of PATH's work on technologies for injection safety.
Publication date: 2006
Region: Global
- HealthTech Historical Profile: The Uniject Device
Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of the Uniject device.
Publication date: 2005
Region: North America and Europe
- HealthTech Historical Profile: Vaccine Vial Monitors
Historical profile on the PATH development and advancement of vaccine vial monitors.
Publication date: 2005
Region: North America and Europe
- A Heat-Stable Hepatitis B Vaccine Formulation
This article, published in Human Vaccines (Human Vaccines 5:8, 1-7; August 2009), details a collaborative effort between PATH, Arecor, and the University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy that has resulted in a new formulation for recombinant hepatitis B vaccine that demonstrates improved stability at elevated temperatures. The formulation exhibited 9-week stability at 55°C and was also shown to be stable at both 37°C and 45°C for at least six months. This new vaccine formulation has the potential to be stored at room temperature for part of its shelf life and will help ensure the potency of the vaccine in areas where the cold chain is insufficient.
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- Increasing Hepatitis B Vaccine Coverage Rates by Implementing an Out-of-the-Cold-Chain Strategy
In areas such as Southeast Asia with a high incidence of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B, WHO recommends a birth dose of the vaccine for all children. Hepatitis B vaccine is typically kept refrigerated, within the cold chain. This fact sheet reports on an effort by PATH and Vietnam's National Expanded Program on Immunization to increase coverage rates for the vaccine in Thanh Hoa Province through a new strategy?storing the vaccine outside of the cold chain and using vaccine vial monitors to confirm that the vaccine continued to confer effective protection.
Publication date: 2007
Region: Asia
- Intradermal Delivery of Vaccines: A Review of the Literature and the Potential for Development for Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
The purpose of this report is (1) to summarize the clinical evidence supporting the intradermal route for vaccine administration and the devices being developed for this purpose; (2) to determine whether intradermal delivery broadly holds promise for vaccine applications for low- and middle-income countries in the future; and (3) to begin to prioritize vaccine targets and device strategies that best fit the public health needs in these countries and likely merit further investigation. The document is available as one large file or as four smaller files for easier downloading.
Publication date: August 2009
Region: Global
- Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine with Support from the GAVI Alliance: Information to Assist the National Decision-Making and Application Process
This guide summarizes considerations for rotavirus vaccine introduction in Eastern European countries eligible for support from the GAVI Alliance.
Publication date: December 2007
Region: Eastern Europe
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- Landscape Analysis: Analysis of EVSM Indicators
The Effective Vaccine Stores Management (EVSM) assessment tool was created to help countries and agencies evaluate critical components of the country’s primary vaccine store. To date, 57 countries have completed the EVSM assessment. This report evaluates 42 EVSM assessment spreadsheets.
Publication date: June 2008
Region: Global
- Landscape Analysis: Cool Chain Technologies
Technologies related to the temperature control of vaccines during the distribution process are essential to the cool chain. This report provides a landscape analysis of these technologies and their appropriateness for use with vaccines in the developing world.
Publication date: June 2008
Region: Global
- Landscape Analysis: Trends in Vaccine Availability and Novel Vaccine Delivery Technologies: 2008–2025
This landscape analysis identifies trends in the availability of vaccines and novel vaccine delivery technologies that are and will be of relevance to low- and middle-income countries from present through 2025. The document is available as one large file or as three smaller sections for easier downloading.
Publication date: July 2008
Region: Global
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- Malaria Research & Development: An Assessment of Global Investment
This document presents the World Health Organization's analysis of policy-development processes for new interventions.
- Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap
Scientists have been working for decades to develop a preventive malaria vaccine. While they have successfully demonstrated that such a vaccine is possible, many challenges continue to impede progress on the road to an effective malaria vaccine. As a result, the Malaria Vaccine Advisory Committee to the World Health Organization (WHO), coordinated by the WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, called for a collective effort to explore and address the challenges. This effort resulted in the Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap process.
Publication date: August 2006
Region: Global
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- Opportunities and Challenges of Developing Thermostable Vaccines
This article, published in Expert Reviews (Expert Rev. Vaccines 8(5), 547-557; May 2009), reviews approaches being used to develop thermostable vaccine formulations that are resistant to damage caused by freezing or excessive heat and could reduce dependence on the cold chain. The article discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of these novel formulations as well as the potential benefits of protecting vaccines from damage caused by breaks in the cold chain.
- Optimize Strategy: 2009-2012
This document provides a brief overview of the Optimize project’s strategy for developing delivery systems that are as advanced and innovative as the vaccines they support. Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH, has been given a unique mandate to think far into the future: to put technological and scientific advances to work, helping define the ideal characteristics and specifications for health products; and to create a vaccine supply chain that is flexible and robust enough to handle an increasingly large and costly portfolio of vaccines.
Publication date: October 2009
Region: Global
- Optimizing Vaccine Supply Chains
This document describes the urgent need for vaccine supply chain reform, new ideas, and innovative technologies. It also demonstrates the increasing consequences of supply-chain failure in today's environment, as more vaccines are becoming available, new vaccines are costing more than traditional vaccines, and new vaccines are requiring more space than traditional vaccines.
Publication date: February 2009
Region: Global
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- Preventing Accidental Freezing in the Cold Chain: An Introduction to Cold Chain Freezing and Some Options for Reducing It (PowerPoint)
This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- Preventing Vaccine Freezing in the Cold Chain
This zipped set of materials includes background information on the freezing problem (two literature reviews and a PowerPoint presentation), posters and stickers ready for use in the vaccine store and clinic, and a sample protocol for a vaccine freeze study and the results of a study in Indonesia.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- Product Introduction Case Profile: Vaccine Vial Monitors
This case profile of the vaccine vial monitor (VVM) is the first in a series of profiles intended to illustrate the product introduction process.
- Protocol for Evaluating Freezing in the Vaccine Cold Chain
This document is part of a series that describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
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- The Radically Simple Uniject Device
This four-page brochure tells the story of the Uniject device--how it grew from a concept to an easy-to-use, all-in-one injection device that will be used to vaccinate every newborn in Indonesia against hepatitis B and to help eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus globally. The publication covers the development, evaluation, licensing, production, and design and function of Uniject. Photographs and a timeline of Uniject's history included.
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- Senegal: Changing the Face of Immunization in West Africa - Practical Solutions Transform Vaccine Delivery and Injection Safety
Publication date: 2004
Region: Africa
- Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in India
This document presents formative research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in India. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Asia
- Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Peru
This document presents new research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Peru. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Latin America
- Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Uganda
This document presents new research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Uganda. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Africa
- Shaping a Strategy to Introduce HPV Vaccines in Vietnam
This document presents formative research results from PATH's HPV Vaccines: Evidence for Impact project in Vietnam. PATH is working with ministries of health and other country partners to develop strategies for introducing vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of cervical cancer.
Publication date: March 2009
Region: Asia
- Stop Freezing Vaccine!
This series describes the serious risk of freezing vaccines and provides tools to reduce freezing in the cold chain. The materials contain current WHO-recommended freeze-prevention strategies targeted toward all levels of storage and transport of vaccines.
Publication date: 2003
Region: Global
- Summary of Stability Data for Commonly Used Vaccines and Novel Vaccine Formulations
This table provides the latest stability data for commonly used vaccines and novel vaccine formulations. Data are sorted by vaccine. Current research into vaccine stabilization is also described and sorted by technology, formulation, data, and group.
Publication date: December 2008
Region: Global
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- Using Uniject to Increase the Safety and Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Immunization
Part of series: CVP Occasional Papers
Author: Nelson C; Widjaya A; Wittet S
Publication date: 2002
Region: Global
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- Vaccine Resource Library
PATH’s Vaccine Resource Library (VRL) seeks to gather the world’s best immunization resources in a single, easy-to-use website. The VRL offers a wide variety of high-quality, scientifically accurate documents and links on specific diseases and topics in immunization. It is geared for health professionals in the developing and industrialized worlds, as well as for journalists, policymakers, community leaders, parents, and others interested in vaccine-related resources. The resources found on the VRL are collected from a variety of sources, including news media, scientific journals, and leaders in public health.
- Vaccine Stabilization
Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on vaccine stabilization.
- Vaccine Vial Monitors (VVMs)
Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on vaccine vial monitors.
- Vaccines in Uniject
Part of the Technology Updates series, this fact sheet describes PATH's work on the Uniject device for use with vaccines.